Background/Aims : The pathogenesis of alcoholic hepatitis (AH) remains poorly understood. Although apoptosis is now recognized as a mechanism of liver injury, the extent and mechanisms of apoptosis in human AH remain unknown. Thus, our aims were to quantify hepatocyte apoptosis in patients with AH, correlate it with disease severity, and identify the mechanisms of apoptosis induction. Methods : Hepatocyte apoptosis was assessed in 26 patients with AH and 27 controls without liver disease using the TUNEL assay and immunohistochemistry for activated caspase 3. Liver specimens were also graded for disease severity. The expression of the death receptors, Fas and tumor necrosis factor- α receptor 1 (TNF-R1), was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results : In contrast to normal livers, TUNEL- and caspase 3-positive hepatocytes were readily observed in the livers of patients with AH. In the AH group, hepatocyte apoptosis was significantly higher in patients with a serum bilirubin of >3 mg/dl. Apoptosis was also greater in grade 4 steatohepatitis. The Fas receptor was strongly expressed in hepatocytes in AH, but not in normal livers; the TNF-R1 expression was comparable in both groups. Conclusions : The present results demonstrate that hepatocyte apoptosis is significantly increased in human AH and justify therapeutic strategies aimed at inhibiting apoptosis in this disease.