Electrocatalysts based on hierarchically structured and heteroatom‐doped non‐noble metal oxide materials are of great importance for efficient and low‐cost electrochemical water splitting systems. Herein, the synthesis of a series of hierarchical hollow nanoplates (NPs) composed of ultrathin Co3O4 nanosheets doped with 13 different metal atoms is reported. The synthesis involves a cooperative etching−coordination−reorganization approach starting from zeolitic imidazolate framework‐67 (ZIF‐67) NPs. First, metal atom decorated ZIF‐67 NPs with unique cross‐channels are formed through a Lewis acid etching and metal species coordination process. Afterward, the composite NPs are converted to hollow Co3O4 hierarchical NPs composed of ultrathin nanosheets through a solvothermal reaction, during which the guest metal species is doped into the octahedral sites of Co3O4. Density functional theory calculations suggest that doping of small amount of Fe atoms near the surface of Co3O4 can greatly enhance the electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Benefiting from the structural and compositional advantages, the obtained Fe‐doped Co3O4 hierarchical NPs manifest superior electrocatalytic performance for OER with an overpotential of 262 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a Tafel slope of 43 mV dec−1, and excellent stability even at a high current density of 100 mA cm−2 for 50 h. Metal‐atom‐doped Co3O4 hierarchical nanoplates constructed by ultrathin nanosheets are synthesized by a cooperative etching−coordination−reorganization approach. The method allows doping of 13 metal elements in total. With its structural and compositional advantages, as an example, the Fe‐doped Co3O4 hierarchical nanoplates exhibit greatly enhanced electrocatalytic performance for oxygen evolution.