Knowledge of the epidemiology of infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) in childhood is important, since HPV infection early in life could represent a risk factor for later development of anogenital cancer. A random sample of Danish children aged 0 to 17 years was tested for the presence of HPV in the anal region and the oral cavity by the polymerase chain reaction using a consensus HPV L1 primer. Only 4 of 249 anal beta‐globin‐positive samples and one of 392 oral beta‐globin‐positive samples were HPV‐positive. All HPV‐positive samples were of unknown types. We conclude that the prevalence of anogenital HPV infection in childhood is very low indeed and that the oral cavity does not seem to act as a reservoir for HPV infection in childhood. This indicates that anogenital types of HPV are not transmitted to any measureable degree by non‐sexual routes and further supports the notion that HPV infection takes place mainly later in life. Int. J. Cancer73:621–624, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.