Current guidelines suggest that, for patients at moderate risk of death from unstable coronary-artery disease, either an interventional strategy (angiography followed by revascularisation) or a conservative strategy (ischaemia-driven or symptom-driven angiography) is appropriate. We aimed to test the hypothesis that an interventional strategy is better than a conservative strategy in such patients. We did a randomised multicentre trial of 1810 patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes (mean age 62 years, 38% women). Patients were assigned an early intervention or conservative strategy. The antithrombin agent in both groups was enoxaparin. The coprimary endpoints were a combined rate of death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or refractory angina at 4 months; and a combined rate of death or non-fatal myocardial infarction at 1 year. Analysis was by intention to treat. At 4 months, 86 (9·6%) of 895 patients in the intervention group had died or had a myocardial infarction or refractory angina, compared with 133 (14·5%) of 915 patients in the conservative group (risk ratio 0·66, 95% CI 0·51–0·85, p=0·001). This difference was mainly due to a halving of refractory angina in the intervention group. Death or myocardial infarction was similar in both treatment groups at 1 year (68 7·6% vs 76 8·3%, respectively; risk ratio 0·91, 95% CI 0·67–1·25, p=0·58). Symptoms of angina were improved and use of antianginal medications significantly reduced with the interventional strategy (p<0·0001). In patients presenting with unstable coronaryartery disease, an interventional strategy is preferable to a conservative strategy, mainly because of the halving of refractory or severe angina, and with no increased risk of death or myocardial infarction. Published online September 1, 2002. http://image.thelancet.com/extras/02art8090web.pdf