Ultraviolet (UV) communication is a cutting‐edge technology in communication battlefields, and self‐powered photodetectors as their optical receivers hold great potential. However, suboptimal charge utilization has largely limited the further performance enhancement of self‐powered photodetectors for high‐throughput communication application. Herein, a self‐powered Ti3C2Tx‐hybrid poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene):poly‐styrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)/ZnO (TPZ) photodetector is designed, which aims to boost charge utilization for desirable applications. The device takes advantage of photothermal effect to intensify pyro‐photoelectric effect as well as the increased conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS, which significantly facilitated charge separation, accelerated charge transport, and suppressed interface charge recombination. Consequently, the self‐powered TPZ photodetector exhibits superior comprehensive performance with high responsivity of 12.3 mA W−1 and fast response time of 62.2 µs, together with outstanding reversible and stable cyclic operation. Furthermore, the TPZ photodetector has been successfully applied in an integrated UV communication system as the self‐powered optical receiver capable of real‐time high‐throughput information transmission with ASCII code under 9600 baud rate. This work provides the design insight of highly performing self‐powered photodetectors to achieve high‐efficiency optical communication in the future. The photothermal effect intensifies the pyro‐photoelectric effect as well as the optimized carrier transport rate is applied to promote charge separation, transfer and suppress charge recombination to boost charge utilization in the self‐powered photodetector. Thereafter, the UV communication system based on the self‐powered photodetector presents real‐time high‐throughput information transmission under 9600 baud rate.