This study aims to examine the factors affecting the business efficiency of companies in the seafood industry listed on the Vietnamese stock market. The article analyzes the data collected from the financial statements of 20 listed seafood companies operating in Vietnam from 2016 to 2020. The study uses EViews software in quantitative analysis to build a panel data regression model to determine the relationship and level of impact of internal factors on the business performance of seafood companies. Business efficiency is measured by return on assets (ROA), return on equity. The research results show that the factors affecting the business efficiency of listed seafood companies include: capital structure, firm size, growth rate of assets, solvency.