High-speed penetration into carbon fiber composites is of fundamental importance to materials science and impact engineering, but research along this line suffers considerably from the lack of direct experimental observations. Here we investigate such penetration dynamics of a unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced epoxy (UCFRE) composite, with a combination of in situ, ultrafast, synchrotron phase contrast imaging and finite element (FE) analysis. The experiments yield the first direct observation on projectile trajectories and fiber-scale deformation and damage in the UCFRE composites during supersonic microprojectile penetration, for different fiber orientations (0∘−90∘ from the impact direction) and projectile velocities 600−850m.s-1, at unprecedented temporal (∼100 ps) and spatial (5 μm) resolutions. The maximum penetration depth decreases with increasing fiber orientation angles, as a result of anisotropic damage evolution in the composite sample. Strain localizations are prone to develop along a direction perpendicular to the fiber orientation, while the damage or cavity region, along the fiber direction. FE modeling with a three-dimensional Hashin criterion yields consistent projectile trajectory and cavity morphology with the experimental results. With increasing fiber orientation angles, damage analyses show a transition in the damage mode from fiber compression to matrix compression damage, in line with the increasing maximum penetration depth. Display omitted