Martin et al cite that biomedical science relies on individuals to make long-term commitments for education and training that extend over 7 to 10 years or longer. The US has led the way in innovative approaches to biomedical research education. Despite these efforts, there remain too few well-trained physician-scientists in the pipeline to support the growing needs of our complex and health-minded society. Physician-scientists assume dual roles in medicine and research and thereby provide dual perspectives that we refer to as the Gemini effect. Physician-scientists work simultaneously as researchers with expertise in human disease pathophysiology and as clinicians informed by basic research insights.