Riverine macroplastic pollution (>0.5 cm) negatively impacts ecosystems and human livelihoods. Monitoring data are crucial for understanding this issue and for the design of effective interventions strategies. Macroplastic pollution floating on the river surface and plastic deposited on riverbanks are studied relatively often. Data on riverine plastics in the water column remain scarce. In this study, we utilized trawl nets at different depths to sample plastic pollution in the water column at the entry point of the river Rhine to the Netherlands. We show that plastic concentrations in the water column increased during higher discharge. Moreover, the results indicate that the vertical distribution of macroplastic pollution changes during different flow conditions. Significantly higher concentrations of macroplastic can be seen near the riverbed during low discharge conditions, while no significant differences in concentration are observed between the bottom, middle, and surface samples during high discharge conditions. Taking into account the recurrence time of low discharge conditions the transport of plastic during low discharge conditions is substantial. These findings provide first insights into the key role of hydrology in explaining macroplastic transport in the water column. These insights can be used to improve future monitoring and intervention strategies. Display omitted •Macroplastic (>0.5 cm) pollution in the water column was sampled with a novel method at the entry point of the river Rhine to the Netherlands•Macroplastic concentrations increased with higher discharge levels•Vertical macroplastic distributions changed with higher discharge, likely due to increased vertical mixing