Skeletal muscles are high-insulin tissues responsible for disposing of glucose via the highly regulated process of facilitated glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). Impaired insulin action in diabetes, as ...well as disorders of GLUT4 vesicle trafficking in the muscle, are involved in defects in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. Since the Rab GTPases are the main regulators of vesicular membrane transport in exo- and endo-cytosis, in the present work, we studied the effect of olive leaf polyphenols (OLPs) on Rab8A, Rab13, and Rab14 proteins of the rat soleus muscle in a model of streptozotocin (SZT)-induced diabetes (DM) in a dose-dependent manner. Glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were determined in the blood, morphological changes of the muscle tissue were captured by hematoxylin and eosin histological staining, and expression of GLUT4, Rab8A, Rab13, and Rab14 proteins were analyzed in the rat soleus muscle by the immunofluorescence staining and immunoblotting. OLPs significantly reduced blood glucose level in all treated groups. Furthermore, significantly reduced blood triglycerides were found in the groups with the lowest and highest OLPs treatment. The dynamics of activation of Rab8A, Rab13, and Rab14 was OLPs dose-dependent and more effective at higher OLP doses. Thus, these results indicate a beneficial role of phenolic compounds from the olive leaf in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in the skeletal muscle.
Malnutrition is usually related to some diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, chronic pancreatitis, chronic liver disease and malignant tumors. It is characterized by weight loss, protein ...deficiency, and deficit of specific nutrients. The aim was to estimate the prevalence of nutritional risk among 160 gastrointestinal patients by use of the Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS-2002) score at hospital admission and discharge. The patients stayed in the hospital between 5 and 15 days or longer. Results showed that 40% of patients at admission and 36.2% at discharge were malnourished. There were 53.1% of patients with recognized malnutrition at admission that received nutritional support, whereas at discharge 34.4% of patients at risk were not dietary supported. Malnourished patients were significantly older, had lower body mass index, longer hospital stay and higher rate of malignant diseases than properly nourished patients. Regular screening for malnutrition should be conveyed in hospitals as to provide appropriate dietary support for all patients at risk.
Iako su malobrojne, satelitske stanice u skeletnom mišiću mogu u slučaju ozljede proizvesti velik broj mioblasta koji će daljnjim procesom regenerativne miogeneze dovesti do obnove mišićnog tkiva. ...Ove stanice su matične stanice specifične za mišićno tkivo. Njihovom aktivacijom pokreće se slijed u ekspresiji miogenetskih regulacijskih čimbenika i time program miogeneze. Satelitskim je stanicama svojstvena sposobnost samoobnavljanja. One predstavljaju heterogenu skupinu stanica s obzirom na funkciju i na markere kojima se dokazuju. Pored satelitskih stanica izolirane su i druge matične stanice u mišiću koje u eksperimentalnim uvjetima pridonose miogenezi. Miogenetski potencijal ovih stanica pokušava se iskoristiti u terapeutske svrhe u nekim oblicima mišićnih oboljenja.
Kraniovertebralni venski sustav Šoić Vranić, Tamara; Bajek, Snježana; Marić, Ivana ...
Medicina fluminensis,
12/2015, Volume:
51, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Kraniovertebralni venski sustav čine kranijalne i kralježnične vene. Ove vene su međusobno povezane i nemaju zalistaka, što omogućava tok krvi u oba smjera. Kranijalnim venama pripadaju vene mozga, ...sinus tvrde moždane ovojnice, diploične i emisarne vene, dok kralježničnim venama pripada vanjski i unutarnji vertebralni splet te bazivertebralne vene. Iz kraniovertebralnog venskog sustava krv odvode vv. vertebrales, vv. intercostales postt., vv. lumbales i v. sacralis lat. u sustave gornje i donje šuplje vene izravno ili putem sustava vene azigos. Kraniovertebralni venski sustav s ostalim sustavima tvori brojne anastomoze koje u patološkim uvjetima predstavljaju kolateralni put krvi ka srcu i omogućuju izravno širenje neoplazmi iz prsne, trbušne i zdjelične šupljine u područje kranijuma i kralježnice. Osim toga, značajna je uloga kranijalnih vena i vena gornjih dijelova dišnog sustava u selektivnom rashlađivanju mozga, što je osobito značajno u hipertermiji.
Mišićna masa mijenja se tijekom ljudskog vijeka. U početku se mišićna masa jako povećava, što je u vezi s rastom i razvojem. Kako starimo mišićna masa se postepeno smanjuje. U ovom radu opisane su ...neke promjene koje se događaju u mišićima tijekom starenja. Ostarjeli skeletni mišići, a posebno mišićna vlakna tipa II, puno su podložniji atrofiji nego mišići mlađe populacije. Mišići starijih osoba imaju i ograničenu regenerativnu sposobnost. Mnogobrojni su čimbenici koji utječu na ovo dobno uvjetovano propadanje skeletne muskulature, a navedeno stanje naziva se sarkopenija.
Zbog iznimne važnosti koronarnih arterija, osobito u patogenezi srčanih bolesti, istraživanja srčanih vena desetljećima su bila zapostavljena. Napretkom moderne medicine uvođenje inovativnih ...dijagnostičkih i terapeutskih postupaka dovelo je do potrebe za alternativnim putovima pristupa oštećenom srcu, gdje vene srca imaju značajnu ulogu. Dok se ranije za prikaz krvnih žila srca koristila samo sekcija srca, danas su zbog primjene novih metoda prikaza krvnih žila srca prisutne različite podjele srčanih vena. Većina srčanih vena završava u desnom atriju. Istaknutu ulogu u odvođenju krvi iz srca ima koronarni sinus, sinus coronarius i njegove pritoke te prednje srčane vene, vv. cardiacae anteriores. Ove vene pripadaju velikom srčanom sustavu, dok mali srčani sustav čine Thebesijeve žile. One su predmet stalnih istraživanja jer se prilagođavaju različitim potrebama prokrvljenosti miokarda ovisno o životnoj dobi i promjenama u različitim srčanim bolestima. Varijacije srčanih vena su uobičajene. Poznavanje varijacija i anastomoza srčanih vena osobito je važno za razumijevanje i tumačenje slikovnih prikaza srčanih vena prilikom izvođenja dijagnostičkih i terapeutskih postupaka.
The iliopsoas of the rat is composed of two muscles – the psoas major muscle and the iliacus muscle. The psoas major muscle arises from all the lumbar vertebrae and the iliacus muscle from the fifth ...and sixth lumbar vertebrae and ilium. Their common insertion point is the lesser trochanter of the femur, and their common action is the lateral rotation of the femur and flexion of the hip joint. Unlike humans, the rat is a quadruped and only occasionally rises up on its hind legs. Therefore, it is expected that the fibre type composition of the rat iliopsoas muscle will be different than that of humans. The iliopsoas muscle of the rat is generally considered to be a fast muscle. However, previous studies of the fibre type composition of the rat psoas muscle showed different results. Moreover, very little is known about the composition of the rat iliacus muscle. The aim of our study was to examine the fibre type composition of the rat iliopsoas muscle in order to better understand the complex function of the listed muscle. The psoas major muscle was examined segmentally at four different levels of its origin. Type I, IIA, IIB and IIX muscle fibres were typed using monoclonal antibodies for myosin heavy chain identification. The percentage of muscle fibre types and muscle fibre cross‐sectional areas were calculated. In our study we showed that in the rat iliopsoas muscle both the iliacus and the psoas major muscles had a predominance of fast muscle fibre types, with the highest percentage of the fastest IIB muscle fibres. Also, the IIB muscle fibres showed the largest cross‐sectional area (CSA) in both muscles. As well, the psoas major muscle showed segmental differences of fibre type composition. Our results showed changes in percentages, as well as the CSAs of muscle fibre types in cranio‐caudal direction. The most significant changes were visible in type IIB muscle fibres, where there was a decrease of percentages and the CSAs from the cranial towards the caudal part of the muscle. From our results it is evident that the rat iliopsoas muscle has a heterogeneous composition and is composed of all four muscle fibre types. Primarily, it is a fast, dynamic muscle with a predominance of fast type IIB muscle fibres with the largest CSAs. The composition of the rat psoas major muscles changes in a cranio‐caudal direction, thus pointing to a more postural role of the caudal part of the muscle.
Cilj: Anatomska tehnika rekonstrukcije predstavlja zlatni standard pri operacijskom liječenju lezija prednjeg križnog ligamenta. Kod postavljanja femoralnog tunela glavni orijentir predstavlja ...lateralni interkondilarni greben. Greben se nalazi uz prednji rub hvatišta ligamenta i tuneli se postavljaju ispod njega, u centar hvatišta ligamenta. Cilj ove studije je opisati položaj grebena u odnosu na intaktno femoralno hvatište. Materijali i metode: U studiji je korišteno 10 svježe smrznutih kadaveričnih zglobova koljena. Nakon što je uklonjen medijalni kondil femura, vizualno i uz palpaciju analizirano je područje femoralnog hvatišta ligamenta, i to najprije uz očuvan bataljak prednjeg križnog ligamenta, a zatim nakon uklanjanja čitavog hvatišta. Rezultati: Uz održani ligament, u 70 % preparata niti jedan dio lateralnog interkondilarnog grebena nije bio vidljiv izvan hvatišta. U 20 % preparata greben je bio vidljiv samo iznad posterolateralnog snopa prednjeg križnog ligamenta. Nakon što smo odstranili sva vlakna hvatišta prednjeg križnog ligamenta, u jednom preparatu nismo sa sigurnošću mogli odrediti postojanje grebena. Zaključak: U 90 % ispitivanih preparata lateralni interkondilarni greben bio je unutar hvatišta prednjeg križnog ligamenta. Navedeno bi trebalo uzeti u obzir prilikom anatomske rekonstrukcije ovog ligamenta.
Aim: The lateral intercondylar ridge (LIR) represents the main bony landmark for determining the ACL femoral footprint and for placing the tunnel in the center of the native femoral footprint below the LIR. This study aimed to describe the relationship between the LIR and the intact femoral insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament. Materials and Methods: Ten fresh-frozen, cadaveric knee specimens were obtained for this study. The medial femoral condyle was removed with the aim of finding any protrusion or ridge on the medial wall of the lateral femoral condyle. The exposed areas were carefully analyzed, visually and by palpation. Analyses were performed with ACL stump and after removing the whole ACL from the femoral insertion. Results: In 70% of specimens the ridge was not visible while the ligament was attached to its femoral insertion. In 20% of specimens the ridge was observed outside the fibrous insertion, but only above posterolateral bundle. After removing all ligament fibers in one specimen we could not find bone ridge. Conclusion: In 90% of specimens the LIR was an integral part of the femoral insertion. This observation must be taken into account during ACL reconstructive surgery.
Although anatomical properties and vessel variations of the celiac trunk are well explored in the literature, there is not so much information on the arterial diameters, and this data is important ...for surgical procedures and angiographic examinations. The aim of this study was to investigate properties of the celiac trunk in humans by using anatomical dissection. Ninety cadavers were dissected for the celiac trunk identification and arterial diameter measurements. The results of anatomical examination showed that in 72% of all cases the celiac trunk divides into the splenic artery and the common hepatic artery, while the left gastric artery arises as a first branch and had origin between aorta, all over the celiac trunk up to a bifurcation. From the 90 cadavers, 4 presented anatomical variations. Where normal anatomy was present, the mean length of the celiac trunk was 1.9 +/- 0.08 cm and its mean arterial diameter was 0.78 +/- 0.08 cm. The splenic artery had the largest diameter (0.61 +/- 0.05 cm) and the left gastric artery had the smallest diameter (0.38 +/- 0.03 cm). Our data represent original results about anatomical variations and arterial diameter of the celiac trunk and its main branches provided by anatomical dissection.
Muscle loss in aging population NIKOLIĆ, MARINA; BAJEK, SNJEŽANA; GLIBOTIĆ KRESINA, HELENA ...
Periodicum biologorum,
12/2013, Volume:
115, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Open access
Sarcopenia is a generic term for the loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality and performance associated with normal aging that can lead to frailty in the elderly. It cannot be considered a disease or a ...condition that has a clear diagnostic marker. However, the clearly is a decline in the average muscle mass and performance associated with senescence. Because of the great increase in the proportion of the population living long enough that frailty becomes a significant problem, there is much interest in achieving a better scientific understanding of sarcopenia. The ageing of the European population is a major public health problem for most of the industrialized western countries, and represents both a social and an economic burden for the European population.
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