The possibility of inducing systemic resistance in roselle against root rot and wilt diseases was investigated using biotic and abiotic inducers. The biotic inducers included three biocontrol agents ...(i.e.,
,
, and
) and two biofertilizers (i.e., microbein and mycorrhizeen), while the abiotic inducers included three chemical materials (i.e., ascorbic acid, potassium silicate, and salicylic acid). In addition, preliminary
studies were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory activity of the tested inducers on the growth of pathogenic fungi. The results show that
was the most efficient biocontrol agent. It reduced the linear growth of
,
, and
by 76.1, 73.4, and 73.2%, respectively, followed by
by 71.4, 69, and 68.3%, respectively. Similarly, potassium silicate was the most effective chemical inducer followed by salicylic acid, each at 2000 ppm. They reduced the linear growth of
by 62.3 and 55.7%;
by 60.7 and 53.1%; and
by 60.3 and 53%, respectively. In the greenhouse, all inducers applied as a seed treatment and/or foliar spray strongly limited the development of root rot and wilt diseases. In this regard,
at 1 × 10
CFU mL
, achieved the highest values of disease control, followed by
while
at 1 × 10
CFU mL
, recorded the lowest values. In addition, the plants treated with potassium silicate followed by salicylic acid, each at 4 g/L, recorded the highest disease control compared to ascorbic acid at 1 g/L, which had the lowest values. The mixture of mycorrhizeen + microbein (at 10 g/kg seeds) was the most effective compared to either of them alone. All treatments, applied alone or in combination in the field, significantly reduced the incidence of diseases. The most effective treatments were a mixture of
(Gc) +
(Bs) +
(Ta); a mixture of ascorbic acid (AA) + potassium silicate (PS) + and salicylic (SA);
; potassium silicate; and a mixture of mycorrhizeen + microbein. Rhizolix T had the highest disease-reducing efficacy. In response to the treatments, significant improvements in growth and yield, changes in biochemicals, and increased activities of defense enzymes were achieved. This research points to the activity of some biotic and abiotic inducers that can play a vital role in managing the root rot and wilt of roselle through the induction of systemic plant resistance.
Root rot and wilt diseases are among the most pressing obstacles to the production of rose flowers in Egypt. Isolation results showed that these diseases are mainly caused by seven soil-borne fungi. ...However, Fusarium roseum, Verticillium dahlia, and Rhizoctonia solani were the most pathogenic fungi against Rosa gallica and R. chinensis compared to other isolated fungi. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of some bio- and synthetic fertilizers, including seaweed extract, Rhizobacterin, NPK, and potassium silicate, as well as the chemical fungicide vitavax 200, to control root rot and wilt and improve growth and flowering traits of both R. gallica and R. chinensis. Under in vitro conditions, the highest linear growth inhibition of pathogenic fungi was achieved by seaweed extract followed by potassium silicate, at 400 ppm each. In addition, vitavax 200 at 400 ppm completely inhibited the linear growth of these fungi. The results also showed that all treatments applied in vivo significantly reduced the incidence of diseases on rose plants in both seasons, leading to an improvement in all growth and flowering parameters and an increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments, total carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. In this regard, seaweed extract (4 and 2 g/L) and potassium silicate (4 g/L) were the most efficient, while Rhizobacterin (2 g/L) and NPK (2 g/plant) were the least effective. However, vitavax 200 was the most effective of all the treatments used. In conclusion, the results proved the possibility of increasing the tolerance of R. gallica and R. chinensis against root rot and wilt, while improving growth and flowering characteristics by using some bio- and synthetic fertilizers.
In vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to investigate the potential of four biocontrol agents (BCAs), namely Bacillus megaterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma viride, and T. harzianum, ...individually and in combination with sodium nitrophenolate (SN) to control marigold powdery mildew. The results showed that all treatments led to a significant inhibition in the conidial germination of Golovinomyces cichoracearum in vitro. Maximum inhibition was recorded by T. harzianum (1×109 CFU mL-1) + SN (1.5%), followed by T. viride + SN, and B. megaterium + SN at the same concentrations as follows: 83.6, 79.1, and 70.6%, respectively. While the lowest inhibition (20.4%) was recorded by P. fluorescens (1×105 CFU mL-1). In the greenhouse, all treatments applied significantly reduced the disease severity and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). The combination treatments had a better disease control response than individual treatments. Similar results were achieved in the field, where disease severity reduced to 9.2 and 10.3% in plants treated with T. harzianum + SN in the first and second seasons, respectively, compared to 40.2 and 44.1% in control in both seasons. Likewise, AUDPC reduced to 274 and 315 in plants treated with T. harzianum + SN in the first and second seasons, respectively, compared to 1207 and 1340 in control in both seasons. The treatments improved growth and productivity characteristics, as well as photosynthetic pigments, total phenolic compounds (TPC), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, while significantly reducing free proline (FP). In conclusion, BCAs applied individually or in combination with SN can be used effectively to suppress powdery mildew of marigold.
Background
To study the most common rheumatologic manifestations of hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection in Egyptian patients and associated risk factors with assessment the effect of current therapies ...on these manifestations. A prospective study was carried out to HCV patients attending the tropical medicine department referred to rheumatology department, over a year. A total of 204 hepatitis C virus treatment-naïve patients aged 21–71 years old suffering from rheumatologic manifestations were recruited, and history taking, general and musculoskeletal examination, laboratory and serological investigations, imaging, and liver fibrosis findings were assessed: baseline, end of treatment, and 12 weeks later, either sofosbuvir/ribavirin or sofosbuvir/simeprevir regimens and through three consecutive visits: joint activity and functional scores were taken.
Results
Common observed rheumatologic manifestations were fibromyalgia (74.5%), arthralgia (73.5%), Raynaud’s phenomenon (54.9%), peripheral neuropathy (29.4%),chronic fatigue syndrome and purpura (24.5%), arthritis (16.7%), Sicca symptoms and skin ulcers (9.8%), and vasculitic CNS involvement (5.9%), mostly seen in females. VAS and FAS scales have improved across visits (
p
value < 0.001) with lowered number and percentage of arthralgia (tender joint counts), arthritis (swollen joint counts), improvement of fibromyalgia, purpura, peripheral neuropathy, anemia, and thrombocytopenia (
p
< 0.001). Common reported risk factors were barber shaving (52 %), dental procedures (44.1%), and surgical interventions (36.3%). Non-reactive cases shown by HCV-PCR response increased at the end of study reaching 62%. The percent of improvement was significantly higher in patients receiving sofosbuvir/simeprevir regimen (100%) versus sofosbuvir/ribavirin (58.2%).
Conclusion
Direct antiviral drugs seem to improve the rheumatic extra-hepatic manifestations of HCV patients and lowering viremia level especially sofosbuvir/simeprevir regimen in hepatitis C treatment
-
naïve patients.
Fungal root rot and wilt diseases are among the most urgent obstacles to roselle production as they attack seedlings and mature plants, causing significant yield losses. Outbreaks of such diseases ...can be prevented with chemical fungicides. Unfortunately, the excessive use of fungicides can pollute the environment and cause harmful effects in humans and animals. Therefore, a number of biotic and abiotic inducers were selected for the induction of systemic resistance (ISR) in roselle. The used inducers have shown a good ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi in vitro, and strongly reduce disease development in vivo. With the view that plants can defend themselves through a variety of chemical mechanisms, we estimated the phytochemicals and the activities of defensive enzymes. In conclusion, ISR has become a good target for suppressing roselle root rot and wilt, and promoting crop growth without environmental risks. The possibility of inducing systemic resistance in roselle against root rot and wilt diseases was investigated using biotic and abiotic inducers. The biotic inducers included three biocontrol agents (i.e., Bacillus subtilis, Gliocladium catenulatum, and Trichoderma asperellum) and two biofertilizers (i.e., microbein and mycorrhizeen), while the abiotic inducers included three chemical materials (i.e., ascorbic acid, potassium silicate, and salicylic acid). In addition, preliminary in vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory activity of the tested inducers on the growth of pathogenic fungi. The results show that G. catenulatum was the most efficient biocontrol agent. It reduced the linear growth of Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, and Macrophomina phaseolina by 76.1, 73.4, and 73.2%, respectively, followed by B. subtilis by 71.4, 69, and 68.3%, respectively. Similarly, potassium silicate was the most effective chemical inducer followed by salicylic acid, each at 2000 ppm. They reduced the linear growth of F. solani by 62.3 and 55.7%; M. phaseolina by 60.7 and 53.1%; and F. oxysporum by 60.3 and 53%, respectively. In the greenhouse, all inducers applied as a seed treatment and/or foliar spray strongly limited the development of root rot and wilt diseases. In this regard, G. catenulatum, at 1 × 10sup.9 CFU mLsup.−1, achieved the highest values of disease control, followed by B. subtilis; while T. asperellum, at 1 × 10sup.5 CFU mLsup.−1, recorded the lowest values. In addition, the plants treated with potassium silicate followed by salicylic acid, each at 4 g/L, recorded the highest disease control compared to ascorbic acid at 1 g/L, which had the lowest values. The mixture of mycorrhizeen + microbein (at 10 g/kg seeds) was the most effective compared to either of them alone. All treatments, applied alone or in combination in the field, significantly reduced the incidence of diseases. The most effective treatments were a mixture of G. catenulatum (Gc) + Bacillus subtilis (Bs) + Trichoderma asperellum (Ta); a mixture of ascorbic acid (AA) + potassium silicate (PS) + and salicylic (SA); G. catenulatum; potassium silicate; and a mixture of mycorrhizeen + microbein. Rhizolix T had the highest disease-reducing efficacy. In response to the treatments, significant improvements in growth and yield, changes in biochemicals, and increased activities of defense enzymes were achieved. This research points to the activity of some biotic and abiotic inducers that can play a vital role in managing the root rot and wilt of roselle through the induction of systemic plant resistance.
A single-phase and crystalline NiS2 nanoflake layer was produced by a facile and novel approach consisting of a two-step growth process. First, a Ni(OH)2 layer was synthesized by a chemical bath ...deposition approach using a nickel precursor and ammonia as the starting solution. In a second step, the obtained Ni(OH)2 layer was transformed into a NiS2 layer by a sulfurization process at 450 °C for 1 h. The XRD analysis showed a single-phase NiS2 layer with no additional peaks related to any secondary phases. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy further confirmed the formation of a single-phase NiS2 layer. SEM revealed that the NiS2 layer consisted of overlapping nanoflakes. The optical bandgap of the NiS2 layer was evaluated with the Kubelka–Munk function from the diffuse reflectance spectrum (DRS) and was estimated to be around 1.19 eV, making NiS2 suitable for the photodegradation of organic pollutants under solar light. The NiS2 nanoflake layer showed photocatalytic activity for the degradation of phenol under solar irradiation at natural pH 6. The NiS2 nanoflake layer exhibited good solar light photocatalytic activity in the photodegradation of phenol as a model organic pollutant.
An antimony tri-sulfide Sb2S3 nanosphere photocatalyst was effectively deposited utilizing sodium thiosulfate and antimony chloride as the starting precursors in a chemical bath deposition process. ...This approach is appropriate for the large-area depositions of Sb2S3 at low deposition temperatures without the sulfurization process since it is based on the hydrolytic decomposition of starting compounds in aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed the formation of amorphous Sb2S3 layers. The scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the deposited Sb2S3 has integrated small nanospheres into sub-microspheres with a significant surface area, resulting in increased photocatalytic activity. The optical direct bandgap of the Sb2S3 layer was estimated to be about 2.53 eV, making amorphous Sb2S3 appropriate for the photodegradation of organic pollutants in the presence of solar light. The possibility of using the prepared Sb2S3 layer in the photodegradation of methylene blue aqueous solutions was investigated. The degradation of methylene blue dye was performed to evaluate the photocatalytic property of Sb2S3 under visible light. The amorphous Sb2S3 exhibited photocatalytic activity for the decolorization of methylene blue solution under visible light. The mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue has been proposed. Our results suggest that the amorphous Sb2S3 nanospheres are valuable material for addressing environmental remediation issues.
An antimony tri-sulfide Sb
S
nanosphere photocatalyst was effectively deposited utilizing sodium thiosulfate and antimony chloride as the starting precursors in a chemical bath deposition process. ...This approach is appropriate for the large-area depositions of Sb
S
at low deposition temperatures without the sulfurization process since it is based on the hydrolytic decomposition of starting compounds in aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed the formation of amorphous Sb
S
layers. The scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the deposited Sb
S
has integrated small nanospheres into sub-microspheres with a significant surface area, resulting in increased photocatalytic activity. The optical direct bandgap of the Sb
S
layer was estimated to be about 2.53 eV, making amorphous Sb
S
appropriate for the photodegradation of organic pollutants in the presence of solar light. The possibility of using the prepared Sb
S
layer in the photodegradation of methylene blue aqueous solutions was investigated. The degradation of methylene blue dye was performed to evaluate the photocatalytic property of Sb
S
under visible light. The amorphous Sb
S
exhibited photocatalytic activity for the decolorization of methylene blue solution under visible light. The mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue has been proposed. Our results suggest that the amorphous Sb
S
nanospheres are valuable material for addressing environmental remediation issues.
A single-phase and crystalline NiS
nanoflake layer was produced by a facile and novel approach consisting of a two-step growth process. First, a Ni(OH)
layer was synthesized by a chemical bath ...deposition approach using a nickel precursor and ammonia as the starting solution. In a second step, the obtained Ni(OH)
layer was transformed into a NiS
layer by a sulfurization process at 450 °C for 1 h. The XRD analysis showed a single-phase NiS
layer with no additional peaks related to any secondary phases. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy further confirmed the formation of a single-phase NiS
layer. SEM revealed that the NiS
layer consisted of overlapping nanoflakes. The optical bandgap of the NiS
layer was evaluated with the Kubelka-Munk function from the diffuse reflectance spectrum (DRS) and was estimated to be around 1.19 eV, making NiS
suitable for the photodegradation of organic pollutants under solar light. The NiS
nanoflake layer showed photocatalytic activity for the degradation of phenol under solar irradiation at natural pH 6. The NiS
nanoflake layer exhibited good solar light photocatalytic activity in the photodegradation of phenol as a model organic pollutant.
An antimony tri-sulfide Sb
2
S
3
nanosphere photocatalyst was effectively deposited utilizing sodium thiosulfate and antimony chloride as the starting precursors in a chemical bath deposition ...process. This approach is appropriate for the large-area depositions of Sb
2
S
3
at low deposition temperatures without the sulfurization process since it is based on the hydrolytic decomposition of starting compounds in aqueous solution. X-ray diffraction patterns and Raman spectroscopy analysis revealed the formation of amorphous Sb
2
S
3
layers. The scanning electron microscopy images revealed that the deposited Sb
2
S
3
has integrated small nanospheres into sub-microspheres with a significant surface area, resulting in increased photocatalytic activity. The optical direct bandgap of the Sb
2
S
3
layer was estimated to be about 2.53 eV, making amorphous Sb
2
S
3
appropriate for the photodegradation of organic pollutants in the presence of solar light. The possibility of using the prepared Sb
2
S
3
layer in the photodegradation of methylene blue aqueous solutions was investigated. The degradation of methylene blue dye was performed to evaluate the photocatalytic property of Sb
2
S
3
under visible light. The amorphous Sb
2
S
3
exhibited photocatalytic activity for the decolorization of methylene blue solution under visible light. The mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue has been proposed. Our results suggest that the amorphous Sb
2
S
3
nanospheres are valuable material for addressing environmental remediation issues.
An antimony tri-sulfide Sb
2
S
3
nanosphere photocatalyst was effectively deposited utilizing sodium thiosulfate and antimony chloride as the starting precursors in a chemical bath deposition process.
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