Abstract
The study of preparation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from the Lembang / narrowleaf cattail
(Typha angustifolia
L.) has been carried out. Alkalinization was done to ...remove lignin and hemicellulose compounds. The bleaching process was done by adding 4 M HCl at 65 oC for 3 hours and then sonicated for 10 minutes. The cellulose yield obtained was 32.2%. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated the appearance of some specific functional groups (O-H, -C-H, =C-H and C-O, and C-O-C). Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed that the structure of cellulose is a long crystalline with a diameter of 3.1 µm. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed decomposition at higher temperatures of 349.13, 366.66 and 353.24 oC for cellulose after hydrolysis, cellulose before hydrolysis, and TaL powder. Crystalline index and crystalline size of microcrystalline cellulose analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were 71.1% and 2.4 nm, respectively.
Inquiry-based learning is one of the pedagogical approaches to motivate students to solve problems. Laboratory activities are important for inquiry-based learning, but traditional laboratory ...activities have a disadvantage because they need high costs associated with the procurement of equipment, space, and maintenance staff. The virtual lab is an alternative to solve the problem. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of inquiry models that aligned with the virtual laboratory in improving students' understanding of the heat problem. This study included quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest control group design. The subjects were divided into two groups, the experimental group and the control group. Research data were analyzed by N-gain test. The results showed that the achievement of conceptual understanding of the experimental group was better than the control group. It can be concluded that the guided inquiry model with virtual laboratories is effective in improving students' understanding of the concept of heat. In general, the increase in the experimental group is higher than the control group, in both the cognitive aspect and sub-concept of heat.
Abstract
This research was aimed to analyzed the virtual labroratory media which take a part as supporting the natural science learning in Junior High School. The data analyze techniques which used ...in small research were both descriptive analyze and presentation. Instrument which used were media instrument analysis questionnaire based on BSNP (National Education Standards Board) which consists of material aspect, view aspect, programming aspect, and language aspect. The result of analysis based on BSNP Virtual Laboratory Media in Junior High School showed : material aspect 54,28% (good enough), View aspect 55,55% (good enough), Programming aspect 50% (good enough) and language aspect 60% (good enough )
The aim of the study was to identify the distribution pattern and frequency of endocrine cell types in the digestive tract of
.
The presence of endocrine cells (glucagon, somatostatin, and serotonin) ...in the digestive tract (esophagus, stomach, and intestine) was detected using the avidin-biotin complex (ABC) method.
Three types of endocrine cells immunoreactive to antisera glucagon, serotonin, and somatostatin were found in the caudal portion of the small and large intestines but were not observed in the esophagus, stomach, and caput and medial sections of the small intestine. Endocrine cells distributed in the digestive tract of
vary in color intensity, from weak to sharp, in response to the primer antibody.
Endocrine cells in the digestive tract that is immunoreactive to glucagon, somatostatin, and serotonin are those found in the caudal portion of the small and large intestines. They are varied in distribution pattern, frequency, and color intensity.
We have developed an interactive e-book on the rotational dynamics concepts. An ebook contains contents such as printed textbooks, with the images, animation, and video. The ebook has been validated ...by a team of matter experts, media, and practitioners with a right decision as teaching materials on physics. This study includes a quasi-experimental method with one group pre-test and post-test design. Data collected by the verbal and figural creativity test. The improvement of students' creative thinking skills has been measured using N-gain score. Fluency aspects have increased with a high category in one group, while other aspects are in the medium category. The results of this study have proven that interactive e-book is effective in improving students' creative thinking skills in learning the concept of rotational dynamics. The increased creative thinking skills related to the design and characteristic of the e-book.
Summary Background Brain and cognitive development during the first 1000 days from conception are affected by multiple biomedical and socioenvironmental determinants including nutrition, health, ...nurturing, and stimulation. An improved understanding of the long-term influence of these factors is needed to prioritise public health investments to optimise human development. Methods We did a follow-up study of the Supplementation with Multiple Micronutrients Intervention Trial (SUMMIT), a double-blind, cluster-randomised trial of maternal supplementation with multiple micronutrients (MMN) or iron and folic acid (IFA) in Indonesia. Of 27 356 live infants from birth to 3 months of age in 2001–04, we re-enrolled 19 274 (70%) children at age 9–12 years, and randomly selected 2879 from the 18 230 who were attending school at a known location. Of these, 574 children were oversampled from mothers who were anaemic or malnourished at SUMMIT enrolment. We assessed the effects of MMN and associations of biomedical (ie, maternal and child anthropometry and haemoglobin and preterm birth) and socioenvironmental determinants (ie, parental education, socioeconomic status, home environment, and maternal depression) on general intellectual ability, declarative memory, procedural memory, executive function, academic achievement, fine motor dexterity, and socioemotional health. The SUMMIT trial was registered, number ISRCTN34151616. Findings Children of mothers given MMN had a mean score of 0·11 SD (95% CI 0·01–0·20, p=0·0319) higher in procedural memory than those given IFA, equivalent to the increase in scores with half a year of schooling. Children of anaemic mothers in the MMN group scored 0·18 SD (0·06–0·31, p=0·0047) higher in general intellectual ability, similar to the increase with 1 year of schooling. Overall, 18 of 21 tests showed a positive coefficient of MMN versus IFA (p=0·0431) with effect sizes from 0·00–0·18 SD. In multiple regression models, socioenvironmental determinants had coefficients of 0·00–0·43 SD and 22 of 35 tests were significant at the 95% CI level, whereas biomedical coefficients were 0·00–0·10 SD and eight of 56 tests were significant, indicating larger and more consistent impact of socioenvironmental factors (p<0·0001). Interpretation Maternal MMN had long-term benefits for child cognitive development at 9–12 years of age, thereby supporting its role in early childhood development, and policy change toward MMN. The stronger association of socioenvironmental determinants with improved cognition suggests present reproductive, maternal, neonatal, and child health programmes focused on biomedical determinants might not sufficiently enhance child cognition, and that programmes addressing socioenvironmental determinants are essential to achieve thriving populations. Funding Grand Challenges Canada Saving Brains Program.
The World Health Organization in 2009 recorded that more than a million people died due to accidents, and about 2 million people had physical accidents, namely fractures. The main challenge for ...clinicians today is finding an effective and inexpensive method of fracture healing. In this case, a pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) can be used, which is a non-invasive technique that is inductive and generates a magnetic field due to changes in the electric field. So this research aims to create a simulation design of PEMF therapy device for fracture healing. The stages of this research method are to make Helmholtz coil modelling of PEMF therapy device using Comsol Multiphysics with variations in the number of turns, the distance between two coils, voltage or current, and coil diameter, to obtain the correct magnetic field value to accelerate fracture healing. The result of this research is the successful design of a PEMF device that produces a magnetic field value B is 1.5 mT on the number of turns N is 150, the distance between two coils r is 2.5 cm, the current value I is 0.5 A, and coil diameter D is 5 cm.
Abstract
This article discusses irregular coloring. Irregular coloring was first introduced by Mary Radcliffe and Ping Zhang in 2007. The coloring c is called irregular coloring if distinct vertices ...of G have distinct codes. The color code of a vertex v of G with respect to c is
code(v)
= (a
0
,
a
1
, a
2
,…, a
k
) =
a
0
a
1
a
2
, …a
k
,
where
a
0
= c(v) and
a
i
,
(1 < i <
k)
is the number of vertices that are adjacent to v and colored i. The minimum k-color used in irregular coloring is called the irregular chromatic number and is denoted by \
ir
. Irregular coloring is included in proper coloring, where each vertex that is the neighbors must not be the same color. The graphs used in this article are a family of bipartite graphs and a family of tree graphs, including complete bipartite graphs, crown graphs, star graphs, centipede graphs, and double star graphs.
Abstract
We examine that all graphs in this paper are limited, simple and connected. A graceful
k
-coloring of a graph is a proper vertex coloring
f
1
:
V
(
G
) → {1, 2,…,
k
} where
k
≥ 2 which ...induces a proper edge coloring
f
2
:
E
(
G
) → {1, 2,…,
k
− 1} characterized by
f
2
(
uυ
) = |
f
1
(
u
) —
f
2
(
υ
)|. Nethermost k for which a graph
G
has a graceful
k
-coloring is named a graceful chromatic number of a graph
G
, denoted by
χ
g
(
G
). In our research, we will obtain the exact value of the graceful chromatic number of some graphs.
The objective of this study was to study and compare the impact of HMT on rheology and textural properties observed between sago and arenga starces, and then related to structural change of ...amylopectin. The HMT were conducted using the autoclaving method at 20% moisture content and heated to 120 C for 60 min for sago and 90 min for arenga starch as optimum condition. The HMT shifted gelatinization temperature higher and reduced the enthalpy of both starches. The HMT sago starch paste exhibited an exceptionally strong shear thinning behavior as shown by a rapid decrease of viscosity and an increase of shear rate. The HMT clearly made the texture of starch gels more fragile compared to their native form and reduced their breaking point to a lower strain. The HMT effect on the rheological properties and texture of the sago starch was greater than the changes observed with the arenga starch. Major changes in rheological properties after HMT was not followed by changes in amylopectin structure. The HMT process did not significantly affect the amylopectin chain-length distribution in Arenga starch. In the sago starch, HMT affect to long chain amylopectin with DP ≥ 37. The HMT effect on rheology and textural properties was higher in sago starch than arenga starch. This study demonstrated that long chain amylopectin with DP ≥ 37 plays an important role in contributing to the rheological change caused by the HMT.
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