Objetivo. Explorar las diferencias entre los niveles de actividad física (AF) ‒ligero, moderado y vigoroso‒, en función a la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con la Salud (CvRS). Método. 269 participantes ...(M = 25.3, DE = 1.5) entre estudiantes, docentes y administrativos de una comunidad académica de Pereira, Colombia. La AF se evaluó con el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) y la CvRS con el Cuestionario de Salud SF-36. Resultados. Quienes reportaron tener un nivel de AF moderado mostraron significativamente mejor vitalidad, salud mental y salud en general (p < 0.05). Mientras que aquellos con nivel de AF vigoroso promediaron más alto en salud general. Los niveles de AF moderado y vigoroso, en comparación con el ligero, presentaron mayor puntaje en la salud general y mental (p < 0.05). Conclusión. Este estudio aportó evidencia a favor de la hipótesis del vínculo entre AF y CvRS; además, reveló que aquellos con niveles de AF moderado y vigoroso presentan mejor CvRS en dimensiones de función social, vitalidad y salud general y mental. Futuros estudios deberían enfocarse en diferenciar los niveles de AF que mejor favorecen la CvRS, principalmente, en población escolar.
La preparación psicológica es importante para los deportistas en cualquier nivel del rendimiento, incluso para deportistas con discapacidad. Sin embargo, la investigación de psicología aplicada al ...deporte adaptado es limitada. Con el doble objetivo de identificar las Características Psicológicas (CP) de los deportistas con discapacidad física, y comparar el comportamiento de las CP en función a la experiencia deportiva, edad, sexo, y tipo de deporte (equipo vs individual), se diseñó un estudio no-experimental, transversal. Participaron 87 deportistas con discapacidad física, pertenecientes a la Liga de Antioquia (Colombia) de once disciplinas deportivas: ajedrez, atletismo, arquería, baloncesto, levantamiento de pesas, natación, rugby, tiro deportivo, tenis de mesa, tenis de campo, y voleibol. El rango de edad osciló entre los 18 y 71 años (Medad= 34.9, DE=10.8), varones n= 71 (Medad= 35.2, DE=11.2) y mujeres n= 16 (Medad= 33.3, DE=9.2). Fue completado el Cuestionario de Características Psicológicas Relacionadas con Rendimiento Deportivos (CPRD). Los resultados señalaron que las CP no mostraron diferencias respecto a la experiencia deportiva, edad. sexo. La Cohesión de Equipo mostró diferencias por sexo (p= .092, d=.43) y entre tipo de deportes, equipo vs individual, (p<.001, d=.83). Se concluye que las CP presentaron un comportamiento homogéneas según la experiencia deportiva, edad y sexo. Hay diferencias en el factor de Cohesión de Equipo favorable para los deportistas de equipo. Futuras investigaciones pueden analizar el deporte adaptado en comparación al deporte convencional. El deporte adaptado requiere de mayor investigación que puedan aportar conocimiento para los profesionales de las ciencias del deporte.
Patients with psychosis often present significant neurocognitive deficits, with executive function deficits (EEFF) being one of the most relevant cognitive impairments with the greatest impact on the ...functioning of their daily lives. However, although various findings of executive involvement were reported, it is not entirely clear whether there is a differential pattern of involvement according to the clinical symptoms or the deficits occur in all or only in some subcomponents of EEFF.
The present study had a double objective: to study the specific deficits in the cool and hot EEFF in a group of psychotic patients with a predominance of negative symptoms; and determine the possible associations between the performance of the patients in the cool an hot EEFF tasks with the negative symptoms, and with the behavioral alterations associated with the dysexecutive syndrome.
66 participants, 33 psychotic patients with a predominance of negative symptoms and 33 healthy control subjects matched in gender, age and educational level participated. Both groups were administered 4 cool EEFF tasks (coding/maintenance and updating of information in working memory, ability to change the mental set and planning), and 3 hot EEFF tasks (decision making in situations of uncertainty, recognition of emotions through facial expressions and theory of mind). In the group of patients, the Negative symptoms were evaluated through the Scale for the Evaluation of Negative Symptoms (SANS), and the behavioral alterations associated with dysexecutive syndrome through the subscale of "Executive Dysfunction" of the Frontal Systems Behavior Scale.
Patients performed worse on three
EEFF tasks and on two of the
EEFF tasks. Additionally, we found a correlation between the SANS score and the "executive dysfunction" subscale, with the cold EEFF task that measures planning.
Our findings showed that in psychotic patients with a predominance of negative symptoms, both, the cognitive (cool) and emotional (hot) components of executive functions are affected. The results reinforce the need for a cognitive rehabilitation treatment of the executive components of the working memory and of those more socio-emotional aspects.
Physical exercise (PE) is associated with cognitive changes and brain function. However, it is required to clarify the effect of PE in different intensities, population groups conditions and the EF ...duration over different cognitive domains. Besides, no studies are known to have evaluated the contextual emotional recognition. Therefore, we studied the effect of acute PE of moderate intensities up to higher ones to the executive functions and the contextual emotional recognition. The participants were evaluated and classified in two experiments according to the IPAQ short form self-report and control measures. In both experiments, the groups were randomized, controlled, and exposed to one session of indoor cycling through intervals of high measure intensity (75-85% HRmax). Experiment 1 comprised young adults who were physically active (PA) and healthy, apparently (
= 54,
= 20.7,
= 2.5). Experiment 2 involved young adults who were physically inactive (IP) and healthy, apparently (
= 36,
= 21.6,
= 1.8). The duration was the only factor that varied: 45 min for PA and 30 min for PI. The executive functions were evaluated by the Stroop, TMT A/B, and verbal fluency, and the emotional recognition through a task that includes body and facial emotions in context, simultaneously. The analysis of factorial mixed ANOVA showed effects on the right choices of the indoor cycling groups in the PA, and the time response in PI. Also, other effects were observed in the controlled groups. TMT-A/B measures showed changes in the pre-test-post-test measures for both experiments. Verbal fluency performance favored the control group in both experiments. Meanwhile, the emotional recognition showed an effect of the PE in error-reduction and enhanced the scores in the right choices of body emotions. These results suggest that the EF with intensities favored cognitive processes such as inhibitory control and emotional recognition in context. We took into account the importance of high-complexity tasks design that avoid a ceiling effect. This study is the first on reporting a positive effect of PE over the emotional contextual recognition. Important clinical and educational implications are presented implications which highlight the modulatory role of EF with moderate to high intensities.
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of alterations in self-perceived mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic and their associated factors in four Latin American countries. This is a ...cross-sectional study based on data collected from adults in 2021 through the Collaborative Response COVID-19 Survey by the MacDonnell Academy at Washington University in St. Louis (United States). The sample was composed of 8,125 individuals from Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Chile. A generalized linear model for a binary outcome variable with a logistic link and fixed country effects was used. There were 2,336 (28.75%) individuals who considered having suffered alterations in self-perceived mental health. Unemployed individuals (OR = 1.40; 95%CI: 1.24-1.58), those with bad/regular quality of life (OR = 5.03; 95%CI: 4.01-6.31), and those with high socioeconomic status (OR = 1.66; 95%CI: 1.41-1.96) had a higher risk of self-perceived mental health alterations than those with full-time employment, excellent quality, and low socioeconomic status. According to the fixed-effects model, Brazilians living in the country during the pandemic, who disagreed with their government's decisions (OR = 2.05; 95%CI: 1.74-2.42) and lacked trust in their government (OR = 2.10; 95%CI: 1.74-2.42) had a higher risk of having self-perceived mental health alterations. Nearly 30% of respondents indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic altered their self-perceived mental health. This outcome was associated with political, sociodemographic, and health risk factors. These findings should help policymakers develop post-pandemic community interventions.
Background
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are associated with significant difficulties in daily functioning, and these difficulties have been associated with impaired executive functions (EEFF). ...However, specific cognitive and socio-emotional executive deficits have not been fully established.
Objective
The present study has several objectives. First, we aimed to examine the specific deficits in cognitive and socio-emotional EEFF in a group of patients with schizophrenia with a predominance of positive symptoms, as well as to determine if these patients present clinically significant scores in any of the three fronto-subcortical behavioral syndromes: Dorsolateral, Orbitofrontal, or Anterior Cingulate.
Method
The sample consisted of 54 patients, 27 with a predominance of positive symptoms, and 27 healthy controls matched for gender, age, and education. The two groups completed four cognitive and three socio-emotional EEFF tasks. In the group of patients, positive symptoms were evaluated using the scale for the Evaluation of Positive Symptoms (SANS), while the behavioral alterations associated with the three fronto-subcortical syndromes were evaluated using the Frontal System Behavior Scale (FrSBe).
Results
The patients, in comparison with a control group, presented specific deficits in cognitive and socio-emotional EEFF. In addition, a high percentage of patients presented clinically significant scores on the three fronto-subcortical syndromes.
Conclusion
The affectation that these patients present, in terms of both cognitive and emotional components, highlights the importance of developing a neuropsychological EEFF intervention that promotes the recovery of the affected cognitive capacities and improves the social and emotional functioning of the affected patients.
Objetivo. El ejercicio físico (EF) se relaciona con estructuras cerebrales y funcionamiento cognitivo; sin embargo, se desconocen indicadores de frecuencia, duración e intensidad del EF asociados a ...procesos neuropsicológicos. Estudiar la relación y las posibles diferencias entre las funciones ejecutivas (FE) y los indicadores del EF (frecuencia, duración y tiempo que lleva practicando EF). Método. Se seleccionó una muestra intencional de treinta sujetos físicamente activos, pareados por sexo (Medad = 22.9, DE = 8.5). Se aplicó la totalidad de la Batería de Funciones Ejecutivas y Lóbulos Frontales (Banfe). Resultados. El desempeño neuropsicológico se relacionó con la frecuencia del EF en tareas que evalúan capacidades de control inhibitorio, seguimiento de límites y normas, memoria de trabajo visoespacial y anticipación de acciones de orden progresivo y regresivo. La duración y el tiempo de entrenamiento presentaron relación con la planeación, respeto por los límites y la inhibición. Aquellos participantes que se ejercitan más de seis veces por semana presentaron mejor desempeño en los aciertos y menor número de errores en el control inhibitorio. No se diferencia el desempeño neuropsicológico en función a indicadores y tipo de EF. Conclusión. Se confirma la hipótesis acerca de que el EF se asocia con procesos neuropsicológicos. Se abren posibles implicaciones científicas, educativas y clínicas.
Anxiety in sports has been widely studied by professionals in sports sciences. However, the effect of perceived difficulty and Trait-anxiety on precompetitive State-anxiety is unknown. Through a ...non-experimental and longitudinal design, this article studied: (i)the effect of the perceived competition difficulty (easy, moderate, and hard) on State-anxiety and, (ii)the effect of Trait-anxiety, sex, and age on the behavior of State-anxiety. Seventy-nine young swimmers (Mage= 13.3, SD= 1.9) male (n= 58, 73.4%) and female (n= 21, 26.6%) were assessed via the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The Anova and Manova indicated that the perceived difficulty of the competition affects State-anxiety. Therefore, a higher perception of task difficulty is associated with higher State-anxiety. Additionally, the interaction of sex, age and Trait-anxiety did not show an effect on State-anxiety (p> .05). The interaction of age and Trait-anxiety showed an effect (p> .05). A main effect of Trait-Anxiety on State-anxiety was observed in the perception of easy and hard difficulty. In conclusion, the perceived difficulty the competition affects the athlete's State-anxiety.
Resumen: La ansiedad en el deporte ha sido ampliamente estudiada por profesionales de las ciencias del deporte. Sin embargo, se desconoce el efecto de la dificultad percibida y el rasgo de ansiedad sobre el estado de ansiedad precompetitivo. Mediante un diseño no experimental y longitudinal, este artículo estudió: (i) el efecto de la percepción del nivel de dificultad competitivo (fácil, moderado y difícil) sobre la Ansiedad-Estado y (ii)el efecto de la Ansiedad-Rasgo, sexo y edad sobre el comportamiento de la Ansiedad-Estado. Setenta y nueve nadadores juveniles (Medad= 13.3, SD = 1,9) hombres (n = 58, 73,4%) y mujeres (n= 21, 26,6%) fueron evaluados a través del Inventario de Ansiedad Estado y Rasgo (STAI). El Anova y Manova indicaron que la percepción del nivel de dificultad afecta la Ansiedad Estado. Por tanto, una mayor percepción del nivel de dificultad de la competencia se asocia con una mayor Ansiedad-Estado. Además, la interacción entre sexo, edad y Ansiedad Rasgo no mostró efecto sobre la Ansiedad-Estado (p> .05). La interacción de la edad y el Ansiedad-Rasgo mostró un efecto significativo (p> .05). En cambio, se observó un efecto principal de la Ansiedad-Rasgo sobre la Ansiedad-Estado en la percepción de dificultad fácil y difícil. En conclusión, la percepción del nivel de dificultad de competencia afecta Ansiedad-Estado del nadador.
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