There is no consistent framework for patient-centric drug product design, despite the common understanding that drug product acceptability and preferences influence adherence and, therefore, drug ...product effectiveness. The aim of this review was to assess current understanding of patient acceptability and preferences for solid oral dosage form (SODF) drug product attributes, and the potential impact of these attributes on patient behaviors and outcomes.BackgroundThere is no consistent framework for patient-centric drug product design, despite the common understanding that drug product acceptability and preferences influence adherence and, therefore, drug product effectiveness. The aim of this review was to assess current understanding of patient acceptability and preferences for solid oral dosage form (SODF) drug product attributes, and the potential impact of these attributes on patient behaviors and outcomes.A scoping review was conducted. Embase, Ovid MEDLINE®, and PubMed® were searched for full-text articles published between January 2013 and May 2023. Following screening and assessment against predefined inclusion criteria, data were analyzed thematically.Patients and MethodsA scoping review was conducted. Embase, Ovid MEDLINE®, and PubMed® were searched for full-text articles published between January 2013 and May 2023. Following screening and assessment against predefined inclusion criteria, data were analyzed thematically.Nineteen studies were included. Four overarching domains of drug product attributes were identified and summarized in a framework: appearance, swallowability, palatability, and handling. Each domain was informed by specific drug product attributes: texture, form, size, shape, color, marking, taste, mouthfeel, and smell. The most frequently studied domains were swallowability and appearance, while the most studied attributes were size, shape, and texture. Smell, marking, and mouthfeel were the least studied attributes. Texture intersected all domains, while form, shape, and size intersected appearance, swallowability, and handling. Swallowability and size appeared to be the key domain and attribute, respectively, to consider when designing drug products. Few studies explored the impact of drug product attributes on behaviors and outcomes.ResultsNineteen studies were included. Four overarching domains of drug product attributes were identified and summarized in a framework: appearance, swallowability, palatability, and handling. Each domain was informed by specific drug product attributes: texture, form, size, shape, color, marking, taste, mouthfeel, and smell. The most frequently studied domains were swallowability and appearance, while the most studied attributes were size, shape, and texture. Smell, marking, and mouthfeel were the least studied attributes. Texture intersected all domains, while form, shape, and size intersected appearance, swallowability, and handling. Swallowability and size appeared to be the key domain and attribute, respectively, to consider when designing drug products. Few studies explored the impact of drug product attributes on behaviors and outcomes.While existing studies of drug product attributes have focused on appearance and swallowability, this review highlighted the importance of two less well-understood domains-palatability and handling-in understanding patients' acceptability and preferences for SODF drug products. The framework provides a tool to facilitate patient-centric design of drug products, organizing and categorizing physical drug product attributes into four overarching domains (appearance, swallowability, palatability, and handling), encouraging researchers to comprehensively assess the impact of drug product attributes on patient acceptability, preferences, and outcomes.ConclusionWhile existing studies of drug product attributes have focused on appearance and swallowability, this review highlighted the importance of two less well-understood domains-palatability and handling-in understanding patients' acceptability and preferences for SODF drug products. The framework provides a tool to facilitate patient-centric design of drug products, organizing and categorizing physical drug product attributes into four overarching domains (appearance, swallowability, palatability, and handling), encouraging researchers to comprehensively assess the impact of drug product attributes on patient acceptability, preferences, and outcomes.
5-F substitution of an aminothiazole moiety within a series of thrombopoietin receptor agonists leads to potent agents with an improved hepatic safety profile in rodent toxicology studies.
Using SAR from two related series of pyrimidinetrione-based inhibitors, compounds with potent MMP-13 inhibition and >100-fold selectivity against other MMPs have been identified. Despite high ...molecular weights, c
log
Ps, and polar surface areas, the compounds are generally well absorbed and have excellent pharmacokinetic (PK) properties when dosed as sodium salts. In a rat fibrosis model, a compound from the series displayed no fibrosis at exposures many fold greater than its MMP-13 IC
50.
Hydrolysis in Pharmaceutical Formulations Waterman, Kenneth C.; Adami, Roger C.; Alsante, Karen M. ...
Pharmaceutical development and technology,
01/2002, Volume:
7, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
This literature review presents hydrolysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients as well as the effects on dosage form stability due to hydrolysis of excipients. Mechanisms and measurement methods are ...discussed and recommendations for formulation stabilization are listed.
The discovery of novel, selective spirocyclic inhibitors of MMP-13 is reported.
Explorations in the pyrimidinetrione series of MMP-13 inhibitors led to the discovery of a series of spiro-fused ...compounds that are potent and selective inhibitiors of MMP-13. While other spiro-fused motifs are hydrolytically unstable, presumably due to electronic destabilization of the pyrimidinetrione ring, the spiropyrrolidine series does not share this liability. Greater than 100-fold selectivity versus other MMP family members was achieved by incorporation of an extended aryl–heteroaryl P1′group. When dosed as the sodium salt, these compounds displayed excellent oral absorption and pharmacokinetic properties. Despite the selectivity, a representative of this series produced fibroplasia in a 14 day rat study.
The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a novel drug solubilization platform (so-called solid nanodispersion) prepared by a simple co-grinding and solvent-free process. Using ...structurally diverse model compounds from the Pfizer drug library, including ingliforib, furosemide and celecoxib, we successfully prepared stable solid nanodispersions (SNDs) without the use of solvent or heat. Stable colloidal particles (<350nm) containing drug, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K12 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in 1:2.75:0.25 ratio were produced after 2h of co-grinding. The composition and particle size of SNDs were optimized by varying the grinding media size, powder-to-grinding media ratio, milling speed and milling time. The resulting formulations contained crystalline drug and were stable at room temperature for over one month. Greater than 80% of the drug was released from the SND in less than 30min, with sustained supersaturation over 4h. Using furosemide (BCS class IV compound) as a model compound, we conducted transport studies with Madin–Darby canine kidney cells transfected with human MDR1 gene (MDCK/MDR1), followed by pharmacokinetics studies in rats. Results showed that the SND formulation enhanced the absorptive flux of furosemide by more than 3-fold. In the pharmacokinetics studies, the SND formulation increased Cmax and AUC of furosemide by 36.6 and 43.2 fold respectively, relative to Methocel formulation. Interestingly, physical mixture containing furosemide, PVP K12 and SDS produced a similar level of oral exposure as the SNDs, albeit with a longer Tmax than the SND formulation. The results suggest that PVP K12 and SDS were able to increase the furosemide free fraction available for oral absorption. Low solubility, poor permeability, and high first-pass effect of furosemide may also have produced the effect that small improvements in solubilization resulted in significant potentiation of the oral exposure of the physical mixture. However the use of a physical mixture of drug, polymer and surfactant, to increase drug bioavailability cannot be generalized to all drugs. There are only a few reported cases of such phenomenon. While SNDs may not be the only option to solubilize compounds in every case, SNDs are expected to be applicable to a broader chemical space of pharmaceutical compounds compared to a physical mixture. Ultimately, the formulation scientist will have to exercise judgment in choosing the appropriate formulation strategy for the compound of interest. SNDs represent a significant improvement over current enabling technologies such as nanocrystal and spray-dried dispersion technologies, in that SNDs are simple, do not require solvent or heat, are applicable to a structurally diverse chemical space, and are readily amenable to the development of solid dosage forms.
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Progress towards the identification of bioavailable drug-like thrombopoietin agonist is reported.
Recently, we disclosed a series of potent pyrimidine benzamide-based thrombopoietin receptor ...agonists. Unfortunately, the structural features required for the desired activity conferred physicochemical properties that were not favorable for the development of an oral agent. The physical properties of the series were improved by replacing the aminopyrimidinyl group with a piperidine-4-carboxylic acid moiety. The resulting compounds possessed favorable in vivo pharmacokinetic properties, including good bioavailability.
A series of pyrimidine benzamide-based thrombopoietin receptor agonists is described. The lead molecule contains a 2-amino-5-unsubstituted thiazole, a group that has been associated with ...idiosyncratic toxicity. The potential for metabolic oxidation at C-5 of the thiazole, the likely source of toxic metabolites, was removed by substitution at C-5 or by replacing the thiazole with a thiadiazole. Potency in the series was improved by modifying the substituents on the pyrimidine and/or on the thiazole or thiadiazole pendant aryl ring. In vivo examination revealed that compounds from the series are not highly bioavailable. This is attributed to low solubility and poor permeability.
