The open field is a suitable task to analyze the sequential organization of exploratory activity and the homebase formation represents an important feature of environmental recognition. Although the ...zebrafish can define homebase locations, there are no data reporting how stressful conditions modulate complex behaviors of this aquatic species in the open field so far. Here, we aimed to characterize the spatio-temporal exploratory activity of adult zebrafish in the open field test, as well as to verify the responsiveness of homebase-related parameters to acute stress (AS) and unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) protocols. Animals were exposed to conspecific alarm substance for 5 min or subjected to a 7-days stress protocol using distinct stressors in an unpredictable manner. Immediately after exposure to AS or 24 h after UCS, fish were individually placed in a circular tank and their behaviors were recorded for 30 min to identify the respective homebase for each animal. We observed that UCS, but not AS, increased thigmotaxis compared to the non-stressed fish. Notably, the sequential organization of exploratory activity showed robust differences depending on the stress protocol. After the first 15 min of trial, AS-challenged fish apparently used the homebase to organize briefly explorations to the environment. Conversely, the UCS group was more immobile in the homebase after periodically performing ‘swimming bursts’ to the periphery with a greater number of stops per trip. Physiological stress responses were confirmed by the increased whole-body cortisol in both AS and UCS groups. In conclusion, our novel findings report a different exploratory profile related to stress responses in adult zebrafish tested in the open field, supporting the sensitivity of homebase-related parameters to manipulations that modulate affective-like states.
•We verify how stress may affect the spatio-temporal dynamics of exploration in adult zebrafish.•Both acute and unpredictable chronic stress do not alter the latency to homebase formation.•The acute stress markedly reduces the length of trips across the open field trial.•The unpredictable chronic stress increases immobility, thigmotaxis, and reduces the number of trips.•Homebase-related behaviors are sensitive to manipulations that influence affective-like states.
In 1994, the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 demonstrated the efficacy of a three-part regimen of zidovudine prophylaxis in reducing perinatal transmission of the human ...immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from 25.5 percent to 8.3 percent.
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On the basis of these results, prenatal HIV counseling and testing and zidovudine prophylaxis to reduce perinatal HIV transmission became the standard of care in the United States.
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Since 1990, the New York State Department of Health has initiated programs with the goal of ensuring that all pregnant women receive HIV counseling and undergo voluntary testing for the virus. In 1996 the New . . .
Previous studies by the current authors have indicated that group gender composition can be linked to particular communication styles in small task groups involved in computer-mediated communication. ...Female only groups were more likely to engage in a pattern that emphasized self-disclosure, statements of personal opinion, “I” statements and coalition language. This “High Communication Style”(HCS) was linked to high group satisfaction, and high group development. The present study attempts to train small task groups in the use of HCS. Experimental groups (Female Only, Male Only, and Mixed) were actively trained in computer-mediated communication and the use of the HCS style. The Control Groups of similar composition were actively trained in the use of e-mail etiquette guidelines that focused on using or avoiding specific formats in their messages. Results indicated that the Experimental Groups had significantly higher levels of self-disclosure and of opinion. Male Only groups showed significantly lower participation than did either Mixed or Female Only groups. Female Only groups scored higher in Group Development than either Mixed or Male Only groups. Contrary to previous studies, however, there were no significant relationships between group development or satisfaction and language content variables. The authors call for further research in the area of communication training for on-line task groups.
Rednet Condon, J. H.; Duff, T. S.; Jukl, M. F. ...
International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking: Proceedings of the 1st annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking; 13-15 Nov. 1995,
12/1995
Conference Proceeding
