Male sexual behavior influences the rates of cervical dysplasia and invasive cervical cancer, as well as male human papillomavirus
(HPV) infection and disease. Unfortunately, little is known ...regarding male HPV type distribution by age and across countries.
In samples combined from the coronal sulcus, glans penis, shaft, and scrotum of 1,160 men from Brazil, Mexico, and the United
States, overall HPV prevalence was 65.2%, with 12.0% oncogenic types only, 20.7% nononcogenic types only, 17.8% both oncogenic
and nononcogenic, and 14.7% unclassified infections. Multiple HPV types were detected in 25.7% of study participants. HPV
prevalence was higher in Brazil (72.3%) than in the United States (61.3%) and Mexico (61.9%). HPV16 (6.5%), HPV51 (5.3%),
and HPV59 (5.3%) were the most commonly detected oncogenic infections, and HPV84 (7.7%), HPV62 (7.3%), and HPV6 (6.6%) were
the most commonly detected nononcogenic infections. Overall HPV prevalence was not associated with age. However, significant
associations with age were observed when specific categories of HPV, nononcogenic, and unclassified HPV infections were considered.
Studies of HPV type distribution among a broad age range of men from multiple countries is needed to fill the information
gap internationally with respect to our knowledge of HPV infection in men. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(8):2036–43)
The present research was conducted to evaluate whether different beak trimming methods and rearing systems affected the feed selectivity of laying hens. A total of 178 Hy-line Brown laying hens in ...the growing phase and 120 hens in the production phase were divided in a factorial arrangement (2 x 3), with two rearing systems (floor and cages) and three beak trimming methods: without beak trimming (control), hot-blade beak trimming, and infrared beak trimming, with four replicates. Laying hens were feed with isonutritive diets. Samples were collected from feed orts and feed provided, with a subsequent analysis of dry matter, crude energy, crude protein, mineral matter, geometric mean diameter and geometric standard deviation. The results were subjected to the error normality test, analysis of variance and the Fisher-Snedecor (P<0.05) and Duncan tests (P<0.05). The beak trimming methods evaluated were not sufficient to prevent feed selection in laying hens. However, in the growing phase, hot-blade beak trimming reduced feed selection capacity of laying hens more than did infrared beak trimming. The cage system favored feed selection, both in the growing and production phases.
RESUMO: O presente trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar se diferentes métodos de debicagem e sistemas de criação afetam a seletividade alimentar de galinhas poedeiras. Foram utilizadas 178 aves na fase de recria e 120 aves na fase de produção, da linhagem Hy-line Brown, divididas em um delineamento experimental em esquema fatorial (2x3), com dois sistemas de criação (piso e gaiolas) e três manejos de bico: sem debicar (controle), debicagem por lâmina quente e radiação infravermelha, com quatro repetições. As aves foram alimentadas com rações isonutritivas e foram coletadas amostras das sobras e das rações controle, com posterior análise da matéria seca, energia bruta, proteína bruta, matéria mineral, diâmetro geométrico médio e desvio padrão geométrico. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade dos erros, análise de variância e aos testes de médias de Fisher-snedecor (P<0,05) e Duncan (P<0,05). Os métodos de debicagem avaliados não são suficientes para impedir a seleção de alimento de galinhas de postura. No entanto, na fase de recria, a debicagem por lâmina quente reduz a capacidade de seleção das galinhas, em relação à debicagem por infravermelho. O sistema de criação em gaiolas favorece a seleção de alimento pelas galinhas poedeiras, tanto na fase de recria quanto na fase de produção.
The present research was conducted to evaluate whether different beak trimming methods and rearing systems affected the feed selectivity of laying hens. A total of 178 Hy-line Brown laying hens in ...the growing phase and 120 hens in the production phase were divided in a factorial arrangement (2 x 3), with two rearing systems (floor and cages) and three beak trimming methods: without beak trimming (control), hot-blade beak trimming, and infrared beak trimming, with four replicates. Laying hens were feed with isonutritive diets. Samples were collected from feed orts and feed provided, with a subsequent analysis of dry matter, crude energy, crude protein, mineral matter, geometric mean diameter and geometric standard deviation. The results were subjected to the error normality test, analysis of variance and the FisherSnedecor (P<0.05) and Duncan tests (P<0.05). The beak trimming methods evaluated were not sufficient to prevent feed selection in laying hens. However, in the growing phase, hot-blade beak trimming reduced feed selection capacity of laying hens more than did infrared beak trimming. The cage system favored feed selection, both in the growing and production phases. Key words: animal welfare, cage-free, feed selection. O presente trabalho foi conduzido para avaliar se diferentes metodos de debicagem e sistemas de criacao afetam a seletividade alimentar de galinhas poedeiras. Foram utilizadas 178 aves na fase de recria e 120 aves na fase de producao, da linhagem Hy-line Brown, divididas em um delineamento experimental em esquema fatorial (2x3), com dois sistemas de criacao (piso e gaiolas) e tres manejos de bico: sem debicar (controle), debicagem por lamina quente e radiacao infravermelha, com quatro repeticoes. As aves foram alimentadas com racoes isonutritivas e foram coletadas amostras das sobras e das racoes controle, com posterior analise da materia seca, energia bruta, proteina bruta, materia mineral, diametro geometrico medio e desvio padrao geometrico. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade dos erros, analise de variancia e aos testes de medias de Fisher-snedecor (P<0,05) e Duncan (P<0,05). Os metodos de debicagem avaliados nao sao suficientes para impedir a selecao de alimento de galinhas de postura. No entanto, na fase de recria, a debicagem por lamina quente reduz a capacidade de selecao das galinhas, em relacao a debicagem por infravermelho. O sistema de criacao em gaiolas favorece a selecao de alimento pelas galinhas poedeiras, tanto na fase de recria quanto na fase de producao. Palavras-chave: bem-estar animal, cage free, selecao de racao.
Background. An increasing incidence of anal cancer among men suggests a need to better understand anal canal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among human immunodeficiency virus—negative men. ...Methods. Genotyping for HPV was conducted on cells from the anal canal among men who have sex with women (MSW) and men who have sex with men (MSM), aged 18-70 years, from Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. Factors associated with anal HPV infection were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. Results. The prevalence of any HPV type and oncogenic HPV types did not differ by city. Anal canal HPV prevalence was 12.2% among 1305 MSW and 47.2% among 176 MSM. Among MSW, reporting a lifetime number of ≥ 10 female sex partners, a primary sexual relationship <1 year in duration, and a prior hepatitis B diagnosis were independently associated with detection of any anal HPV in multivariable analysis. Among MSM, a younger age, reporting ≥2 male anal sex partners in the past 3 months, and never using a condom for anal sex in the past 6 months were independently associated with detection of any anal HPV in multivariable analysis. Conclusions. Number of sex partners was associated with anal HPV infection in both MSW and MSM. Anal HPV infection in men may be mediated by age, duration of sexual relationship, and condom use.
A rhamnogalacturonan (RGal) isolated from Acmella oleracea (L.) R.K. Jansen administered by oral route showed gastroprotective activity against acute lesions induced by ethanol. In this study, we ...investigated the gastric ulcer healing effect of RGal and its mechanisms of action. Intraperitoneal treatment of animals with RGal protected the gastric mucosa against acute lesions induced by ethanol, with participation of gastric mucus. Furthermore, in the chronic ulcer model, oral administration of RGal accelerates the gastric ulcer healing, accompanied by increasing of cellular proliferation and gastric mucus content, reducing inflammatory parameters and oxidative stress. In addition, the repeated 7 days-treatment of animals with RGal did not show alterations of clinical and behavioral symptoms, body and organs weights or plasmatic biochemical parameters. Collectively, these results showed that RGal has an interesting antiulcerogenic activity and could constitute an attractive molecule of interest for the development of new antiulcer agents.
•Pectic polysaccharides from prunes were extracted, purified and characterised.•Two purified fractions, SF-50E and SF-50R, were obtained.•Fractions were constituted by rhamnogalacturonans with type I ...arabinogalactans.•Crude water extract and SF-50E were tested for their gastroprotective properties.•Tested polysaccharides acted as a gastroprotective agents in rats.
Prunes are the dried fruits from Prunus domestica. After the purification steps, two homogeneous polysaccharides were characterised, SF-50R and SF-50E and contained Ara:Gal:Rha:GalA in 47.8:31.5:10.7:10.0 and 39.6:50.3:5.1:5.0 molar ratios, respectively. Methylation analysis and 13C NMR spectroscopy indicated that both fractions are constituted by rhamnogalacturonans with type I arabinogalactans as side chains, differing mainly in the proportions of the rhamnogalacturonan backbone, in the length of the (1→4)-β-galactan chain and in the proportion of the arabinan side chain. Crude water extract (PWH) and fraction SF-50E were evaluated for their gastroprotective properties against ethanol-induced acute gastric lesions in rats. Oral administration of PWH (3 and 10mg/kg) reduced the gastric lesion area by 67±11% and 60±12%, respectively, while fraction SF-50E (10 and 30mg/kg) inhibited the lesion area by 84±12% and 83±12%, respectively. These results indicated that prune’s polysaccharides act as gastroprotective agents in rats.
Abstract
Background
Genital wart (GW) incidence is high among men. The percentage and rate at which subsequent GW events occur are understudied. The purpose of this study was to describe the rate of ...subsequent GWs, associated human papillomavirus (HPV) types, and time to subsequent GW event among unvaccinated men.
Methods
The study was nested within a multinational prospective HPV natural history study of men aged 18–70 years in the United States, Mexico, and Brazil, examined every 6 months for a median follow-up of 50.4 months. Subsequent GW events were defined as GWs detected after ≥16 weeks of the prior event.
Results
Forty-four percent of men experienced ≥1 GW following the initial episode. Men with ≥2 subsequent events were at highest risk of continued GW experiences, with as high as 10 postinitial GW events. The incidence rate of each subsequent GW increased with increasing events (incidence of first subsequent event was 13.1 vs 36.6/1000 person-months for the fourth event). The proportion of GWs among HPV-6 and/or -11–positive patients remained constant across events. Approximately 63%–69% were positive for ≥1 of the 9-valent HPV vaccine types.
Conclusions
These data highlight the high burden of GWs among men across the lifespan and the need for vaccination to prevent multiple GW episodes.
This is the first report to examine rates of genital wart (GW) recurrence among men. The high observed rate of GW recurrence supports the public health strategy of broadly vaccinating males to prevent multiple GW episodes and HPV transmission.
Abstract
Background
We assessed the incidence and risk factors for first detection and redetection with the same human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype, and prevalence of cytological lesions during HPV ...redetections.
Methods
The Ludwig-McGill cohort study followed women aged 18–60 years from São Paulo, Brazil in 1993–1997 for up to 10 years. Women provided cervical samples for cytology testing and HPV DNA testing at each visit. A redetection was defined as a recurring genotype-specific HPV positive result after 1 or more intervening negative visits. Predictors of genotype-specific redetection were assessed using adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) with Cox regression modeling.
Results
In total, 2184 women contributed 2368 incident HPV genotype-specific first detections and 308 genotype-specific redetections over a median follow-up of 6.5 years. The cumulative incidence of redetection with the same genotype was 6.6% at 1 year and 14.8% at 5 years after the loss of positivity of the first detection. Neither age (aHR 0.90; 95% confidence interval CI, .54–1.47 for ≥45 years vs < 25 years) nor new sexual partner acquisition (aHR 0.98; 95% CI, .70–1.35) were statistically associated with genotype-specific redetection. High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion prevalence was similar during first HPV detections (2.9%) and redetection (3.2%).
Conclusions
Our findings suggest many HPV redetections were likely reactivations of latent recurring infections.
Incidence of redetection with the same human papillomavirus genotype was found to be substantially higher than incidence of first detection. Redetections were not associated with new sexual partners. This suggests many human papillomavirus detections could be recurring latent infections.
The hydroalcoholic extract of
Achillea millefolium leaves administered orally showed dose-dependent gastroprotective effects on both (A) ethanol and (B) acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats. ...This activity could be attributed to the antioxidant properties present in
Achillea millefolium.
Achillea millefolium L. is a member of the Asteraceae family that is commonly referred to as “yarrow” and has been used in folk medicine against several disturbances including skin inflammations, spasmodic and gastrointestinal disorders, as well as hepato-biliary complaints.
In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of a hydroalcoholic extract from the
Achillea millefolium (HE) for gastroprotective properties and additional mechanism(s) involved in this activity.
Rats were treated with HE and subsequently exposed to both acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol P.A. and chronic gastric ulcers induced by 80% acetic acid. Following treatment, glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. The activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and histological and immunohistochemical analysis were performed in animals with acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers.
Oral administration of HE (30, 100 and 300
mg/kg) inhibited ethanol-induced gastric lesions by 35, 56 and 81%, respectively. Oral treatment with HE (1 and 10
mg/kg) reduced the chronic gastric ulcers induced by acetic acid by 43 and 65%, respectively, and promoted significant regeneration of the gastric mucosa after ulcer induction denoting increased cell proliferation, which was confirmed by PCNA immunohistochemistry. HE treatment prevented the reduction of GSH levels and SOD activity after acetic acid-induced gastric lesions. In addition, HE (10
mg/kg) inhibited the MPO activity in acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers.
The results of the present study indicate that the antioxidant properties of HE may contribute to the gastroprotective activity of this extract.
PDF
