The occurrences, temporal variations and ecotoxicological risks of 38 selected pharmaceuticals from 7 therapeutic classes (i.e. antibiotics, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, beta-blockers, lipid ...regulators, anticancer agents, and psychiatric drugs) have been observed in the anaerobically treated sludge of the urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Konya, Turkey. Sampling was carried out to assess the seasonal variations in one year. The total daily wastewater flow rate of the WWTP was approximately 200,000 m3/day, and 140 tons/day of treated sludge were produced. The total concentrations of all pharmaceutical compounds ranged from 280 to 4898 μg/kg of dry matter (dm). The dominant therapeutic class was analgesics and anti-inflammatories (49%), which was followed by antibiotics (31%). Clarithromycin and azithromycin were the most abundant compounds, with concentrations of 1496 μg/kg dm. The total daily pharmaceutical load in the treated sludge was as high as 1.002 kg/day in the winter season, while the annual pharmaceutical mass load that was discharged into the environment was estimated to be approximately 71.6 kg. The use of treated sludge as fertilizer in agricultural lands causes continuous contamination of the terrestrial environment by pharmaceuticals. Five antibiotics (i.e., azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, and doxycycline), one analgesic (acetylsalicylic acid) and one beta-blocker (atenolol) in the digested sludge pose acute and short chronic high risks to environment. The highest short chronic risk in the digested sludge-amended soils was determined for azithromycin (RQ: 54.9). To reduce the potential environmental impact of pharmaceuticals, digested sludge should be monitored in terms of the pharmaceutical contents before being applied to soil.
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•Thirty-eight pharmaceuticals were quantified in anaerobically treated sludge.•The most dominant therapeutic class was analgesics and anti-inflammatories.•The annual pharmaceutical mass load discharged into the environment was 71.6 kg.•Seven compounds in the digested sludge posed high risks (RQ > 1).•Azithromycin in the digested sludge-amended soils exhibited high short chronic risk.
Heavy metals and pharmaceuticals have polluted agricultural soils mainly through wastewater irrigation, fertilizers, and soil amendment with sewage sludge. This study aims to determine the synergetic ...toxic effect of Cd and the selected macrolide antibiotic, azithromycin (AZI), on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in soil, via analyzing nitrification inhibition. A short-term acute toxicity test was used to measure the formation of Nitrite (NO2-N) to indicate the nitrification potential of the aerobic nitrosomonas bacteria in the germination period. Potential nitrification rates (PNRs) of five soil samples ranged between 3.782–17.642 mg NO2-N/kg dm PNRs of soil samples positively correlated with organic matter content and neutral pH. PNRs of the tested soils were significantly affected by Cd and AZI contamination, with interactions exhibited for their simultaneous occurrence and soil pH. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was found when soil samples with pH 6.5–pH 8.5 contaminated with environmentally relevant concentrations of Cd (1 mg/kg–21 mg/kg) and AZI (1 mg/kg–9 mg/kg). 50% PNR inhibition after 11 mg/kg Cd and 5 mg/kg AZI contamination was determined for the soil sample at pH 8.5, with 3.782 mg NO2-N/kg dm potential. From these outcomes, it was concluded that there was a risk of the soil nitrification process in case of simultaneous occurrence of Cd and AZI.
Psychological disorders due to the COVID-19 pandemic have increased the consumption of psychiatric pharmaceuticals on a global scale in last year. These compounds reach wastewater treatment plants ...(WWTP) through sewerage system and are not sufficiently removed by using conventional treatment process. Psychiatric drugs released with WWTP effluent may cause possible risks to the receiving aquatic environment. Also, two antidepressants have been included in the “watch list” in 2020. Therefore, simple and relatively cost effective removal of psychiatric drugs from wastewaters becomes important. Magnetite red mud nanoparticles (RM-NPs) synthesized was applied for the removal of psychiatric drugs (fluoxetine, paroxetine, carbamazepine, diazepam, and lorazepam) in WWTP effluent first time in this study. The adsorption of carbamazepine as a model compound was fitted well with pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The Freundlich isotherm model better represented the sorption data than the Langmuir model. High adsorption capacity (90.5 mg/g) was reached at 30 min contact time at pH 6.5–7.0 at 25 °C. The adsorption rate was described by the pseudo second order model and its rate control mechanism was controlled by film diffusion. The magnetite RM-NPs were efficiently used for the removal of carbamazepine from real WWTP effluents. The adsorption capacity and the magnetic separability of the regenerated magnetite RM-NPs were unaffected five cycles. Due to its simple application, low cost and high adsorption capacity, magnetite RM-NPs can be recommended as a better adsorbent comparing to commercial adsorbents to remove psychiatric drugs from WWTP effluents.
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•The adsorption capacity of magnetite RM-NPs for carbamezapine was found as 90.5 mg/g.•NPs were successfully used for the removal of psychiatric drugs from WWTP effluent.•Freundlich isotherm model described well the adsorption process.•Sorption was determined to be controlled by film diffusion mechanism.•The regenerated NPs were used unaffected five cycles.
KONYA GENÇLİK MERKEZİ KARBON AYAK İZİ BÜYÜKCAM, Mehmet Zahid; BEDÜK, Fatma
Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi mühendislik bilimleri dergisi,
07/2023
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Karbon ayak izi, bir kişinin, kurumun veya ülkenin sürdürdüğü faaliyetler ve tükettiği ürünler sonucunda atmosfere salınan karbondioksit (CO2), metan (CH4) ve diazot monoksit (N2O) gibi sera ...gazlarının CO2 cinsinden karşılığıdır. Bir başka ifadeyle insan faaliyetleri sonucu tüketilen enerjinin çevreye verdiği zararın bir ölçüsüdür. Enerji tüketimi sonucu verilen bu zararın azaltılabilmesi için şirketlerin, kurumların ve kişilerin karbon ayak izinin tespit edilmesi gerekir. Bu çalışmada Konya Gençlik Merkezi’nden kaynaklı toplam sera gazı miktarı hesaplanmaya çalışılmış ve 2022 yılına ait kurumsal karbon ayak izinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Konya Gençlik Merkezi’nin sera gazı emisyon kaynakları elektrik, doğalgaz, ulaşım kaynaklı yakıt (LPG, mazot, benzin) ve su tüketimidir. Emisyon hesaplamalarında IPCC tarafından önerilen ve Tier yaklaşımlarıyla belirlenmiş olan metodoloji kullanılmıştır. Yapılan hesaplamalara göre 2022 yılında Konya Gençlik Merkezi’nin atmosfere saldığı sera gazı emisyon miktarı 82,46 ton CO2e/yıl olarak bulunmuştur.
Bu çalışmada Antalya İlinde faaliyet gösteren beş yıldızlı otel işletmelerinde, sıfır atık projesinin uygulanabilirliği araştırılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı beş yıldızlı otel işletmelerinin sıfır atık ...yönetim sistemini kurmaya hazır olup olmadığını belirlemek ve literatüre katkı sağlamaktır. Araştırma kapsamında Antalya’daki 5 yıldızlı 23 otel işletmesine anket çalışması yapılarak sıfır atık yönetim sistemine yakınlıkları değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla 23 otel işletmesinin 2018 yılında görüşe açılan Sıfır Atık Yönetmelik Taslağının Ek-7/A’daki sekiz kriteri sağlama yüzdeleri tespit edilmiştir. Anket çalışmasının sonucuna göre otel işletmelerinin %93’ü kriter-1’i (kâğıt-karton, cam, metal, plastik ve kompozit atıkların, diğer atıklardan ayrı olarak biriktirilmesi), %91’i kriter-2’yi (atık pil, bitkisel atık yağ, atık elektrikli ve elektronik eşya ile diğer geri kazanılabilir atıkların ayrı olarak biriktirilmesi), %100’ü kriter-3’ü (tehlikeli özellik gösteren atıkların ve tıbbi atıkların ayrı olarak biriktirilmesi), %67’si kriter-4’ü (organik atıkların ve yemek artıklarının, yoğun oluşum gösterdikleri noktalarda ayrı olarak biriktirilmesi), %96’sı kriter-5’i (biriktirme ekipmanlarında renk kriterine uyulması ve atık türüne özgü bilgilendirici işaret veya yazıların yer alması), %74’ü kriter-6’yı (tüm biriktirme ekipmanlarının doğru hacim, adet ve özellikte olması), %100’ü kriter-7’yi (biriktirilen atıkların lisanslı atık işleme tesislerine veya belediye toplama sistemine teslim edilmek üzere, oluşturulan geçici depolama alanında toplanması) ve %52’si kriter-8’i (sıfır atık yönetim sistemine ilişkin gerekli bilgilendirme eğitimlerinin verilmesi) sağlamaktadır. Tüm kriterler göz önüne alındığında, sadece iki otel işletmesinin 8 kriteri de %100 sağladığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Otel işletmeleri arasında 8 kriteri en düşük seviyede sağlayan otelin kriteri sağlama oranı ise %63’tür. Ortalamaya bakıldığında ise, otel işletmelerinin 8 kriteri %84 oranında sağladığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak; Antalya’da faaliyet gösteren beş yıldızlı otel işletmelerinin mevcut atık yönetim sistemlerinden dolayı sıfır atık yönetim sisteminin kurulması için gereken şartları sağlayabilecekleri ve kendi tesisleri bünyesinde bir prosedür oluşturarak gıda kazanımını sağlayabildikleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bu çalışmada elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda, beş yıldızlı otel işletmeleri için sıfır atık yönetmelik taslağındaki bazı kriterlerin revize edilmesi hakkında önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Due to the COVID-19 epidemic, the consumption of pharmaceuticals, especially paracetamol, has sharply increased on a global scale. The increasing concentration of analgesic and anti-inflammatory ...drugs (AAIDs) in the aquatic medium is a global problem for human and aquatic life. Therefore, simple and effective treatment options for removing AAIDs from wastewater after the COVID-19 pandemic are needed. The removal of AAIDs (acetaminophen, acetylsalicylic acid, codeine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, naproxen, and phenylbutazone) from sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents by the prepared magnetite nanoparticles synthesized from red mud (mNPs-RM) is presented for the first time in this study. The removal efficiencies of AAIDs onto mNPs-RM were determined to be between 90% (diclofenac) and 100% (naproxen, codeine, and indomethacin). Acetaminophen (paracetamol) was used as a model compound in kinetic and isotherm model studies. The adsorption of acetaminophen was matched well with the pseudo second order kinetic model. Film diffusion governed its rate mechanism. The Freundlich isotherm model preferably fitted the adsorption data with an adsorption capacity of 370 mg/g at 120 min contact time at pH 7.0 at 25 °C. Furthermore, the regenerated mNPs-RM were used four times without affecting the adsorption capacity and the magnetic separability. mNPs-RM can be used as a simple, inexpensive and effective adsorbent for removing AAIDs from STP effluents. Also, low cost adsorbent obtained from industrial waste could be employed to replace the high cost activated carbons for the adsorption of other micro pollutants in STP effluents.
In this study, the occurrences, temporal concentration variations and ecotoxicological risks were determined for 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); 7 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls ...(PCBs), and 18 selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the anaerobically digested sewage sludge samples obtained from a conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Konya, Turkey. Flowrate of the evaluated WWTP was 200,000 m3/day, with the production of 140 tons/day treated sewage sludge. Total 18 PAHs were in the range of 1,203 – 17,599 μg/kg of dry matter (dm); total PCBs were in the range of 51.26 – 561.37 μg/kg dm, and total OCPs were in the range of 4.90 – 13.11 μg/kg dm. The highest concentrations were determined for fluoranthene among PAHs, with 2445 μg/kg dm, PCB118 congener with 514 μg/kg dm, and δ-HCH among OCPs with 2.44 μg/kg dm. Considering the average daily production amounts of treated sludge, the highest mass loads were 1,785 g/day for total PAHs; 79 g/day for total PCBs; and 1 – 2 g/day for total OCPs, while the annual mass load was estimated to be approximately 7.3 kg. An ecotoxicological risk assessment was performed by estimation of risk quotients (RQs). High risk for soil ecosystem was identified due to PAHs and PCBs ingredient of sludge, while lower risk was determined for OCPs compounds. The highest RQ values were determined for pyrene (RQ: 1337) among PAHs, PCB118 congener (RQ: 7608), and γ-HCH (RQ: 5.23) among OCPs. Findings of this study show that sewage sludge can be an important source in the spread of persistent pollutants to the environment, and may pose a risk for soil ecosystem.
In this study, a novel wastewater sampling method based on biofilm collection on a multi-armed polyethylene strips (so called “Octopus”) is proposed. The implementation of this method is a step ...forward to prevent illegal industrial discharges into sewerage systems and receiving water bodies. Prior applications of biofilm collection were performed in Bielefeld, Germany, in 1994. The success of the method encouraged other municipalities to apply this method for monitoring indirect discharges into sewerage systems. Municipality of Konya, Turkey, started to use the method in 2013. Continuous monitoring has been performed for the determination of regulated heavy metals: chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd). Unauthorized discharges of Cr, Zn and Ni were identified in Konya by performing sewerage slime tests through biofilm analyses. 2686 mg/kg d.m. Cr, 3949 mg/kg d.m. Zn and 3300 mg/kg d.m. Ni were highest values determined for biofilm samples taken from monitoring sites. In this paper, the principles of the method will be introduced, and findings from the wastewater of Konya City will be given in comparison with findings from Bielefeld, Germany. Conducted results reveal high (and likely illegal) heavy metal discharges into the sewerage system in Konya. The continuous monitoring of sewerage systems with biofilm collectors is an effective and efficient method for point source control of wastewater pollutants.
A magnetically separable nanomaterial Fe ₃O ₄–TiO ₂ was synthesized and characterized which was subsequently used for the removal of arsenic (V) from aqueous solutions. The surface morphology, ...magnetic properties, crystalline structure, thermal stability and Brunauer–Emmet–Teller surface area of the synthesized Fe ₃O ₄–TiO ₂ nanoparticles (NPs) are characterized by scanning electron microscope and high-resolution transmission electron microscope, vibrating sample magnetometry, X-ray diffractometer, thermogravimetric analysis and multi point function surface area analyzer. The saturation magnetization of Fe ₃O ₄–TiO ₂ NPs was determined to be 50.97 emu/g, which makes them superparamagnetic. The surface area of Fe ₃O ₄–TiO ₂ NPs was as much as 94.9 m ²/g. The main factors affecting adsorption efficiency, such as solution pH, reaction time, initial As(V) concentration and adsorbent concentration are investigated. When the adsorption isotherms were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich models, equilibrium data were found to be well represented by Freundlich isotherm, and adsorption on Fe ₃O ₄–TiO ₂ NPs fitted well with pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of As(V) on Fe ₃O ₄–TiO ₂ NPs, calculated by the Freundlich model was determined at 11.434 µg/g. 1.0 g/L of Fe ₃O ₄–TiO ₂ NPs was efficient for complete removal of 100 µg/L As(V) in 1 h. Fe ₃O ₄–TiO ₂ NPs was also effective for 93% removal of 100 µg/L As(III). Matrix effect was determined using As(V)-contaminated well water. Successfull results were obtained for purification of real well water containing 137.12 µg/L As(V). Results show that Fe ₃O ₄–TiO ₂ NPs are promising adsorbents with an advantage of magnetic separation.
A novel micro-extraction technique for a rapid and sensitive analysis of diclofenac (DCF) in water samples has been developed. DCF was derivatized and extracted simultaneously using vortex-assisted ...liquid-liquid micro-extraction (VALLME) prior to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. The effects of extraction solvent volume, extraction and derivatization time and ionic strength of the sample were studied using 2
factorial experimental design. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: 200 μL of chloroform, 25 μL of
-methyl-
-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) derivatization reagent, vortex extraction and derivatization time 5 min at 3000 rpm. The extraction recovery for different fortification levels was 98 %. Also, the proposed micro-extraction method exhibited results comparable with the solid phase extraction of real water samples. The proposed one-step VALLME and derivatization method is simpler and faster than the conventional extraction and derivatization methods used for the determination of DCF in real water samples.
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