Recently, artificial intelligence research has driven the development of stretchable and flexible electronic systems. Conductive hydrogels are a class of soft electronic materials that have emerging ...applications in wearable and implantable biomedical devices. However, current conductive hydrogels possess fundamental limitations in terms of their antibacterial performance and a mechanical mismatch with human tissues, which severely limits their applications in biological interfaces. Here, inspired by animal skin, a conductive hydrogel is fabricated from a supramolecular assembly of polydopamine decorated silver nanoparticles (PDA@Ag NPs), polyaniline, and polyvinyl alcohol, namely PDA@Ag NPs/CPHs. The resultant hydrogel has many desirable features, such as tunable mechanical and electrochemical properties, eye‐catching processability, good self‐healing ability as well as repeatable adhesiveness. Remarkably, PDA@Ag NPs/CPHs exhibit broad antibacterial activity against Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. The potential application of this versatile hydrogel is demonstrated by monitoring large‐scale movements of the human body in real time. In addition, PDA@Ag NPs/CPHs have a significant therapeutic effect on diabetic foot wounds by promoting angiogenesis, accelerating collagen deposition, inhibiting bacterial growth, and controlling wound infection. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first time that conductive hydrogels with antibacterial ability are developed for use as epidermal sensors and diabetic foot wound dressing.
Inspired by the multiple functions of animal skin, a conductive hydrogel is fabricated based on a supramolecular assembly of polydopamine decorated silver nanoparticles (PDA@Ag NPs), polyaniline, and polyvinyl alcohol, namely PDA@Ag NPs/CPHs. The resultant hydrogel has many desirable features, such as tunable mechanical and electrochemical properties, eye‐catching processability, good self‐healing ability as well as repeatable adhesiveness.
Despite the various synthesis methods to obtain carbon dots (CDs), the bottom‐up methods are still the most widely administrated route to afford large‐scale and low‐cost synthesis. However, as CDs ...are developed with increasing reports involved in producing many CDs, the structure and property features have changed enormously compared with the first generation of CDs, raising classification concerns. To this end, a new classification of CDs, named carbonized polymer dots (CPDs), is summarized according to the analysis of structure and property features. Here, CPDs are revealed as an emerging class of CDs with distinctive polymer/carbon hybrid structures and properties. Furthermore, deep insights into the effects of synthesis on the structure/property features of CDs are provided. Herein, the synthesis methods of CDs are also summarized in detail, and the effects of synthesis conditions of the bottom‐up methods in terms of the structures and properties of CPDs are discussed and analyzed comprehensively. Insights into formation process and nucleation mechanism of CPDs are also offered. Finally, a perspective of the future development of CDs is proposed with critical insights into facilitating their potential in various application fields.
The classification of carbon dots (CDs) is improved and carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) are revealed with distinctive polymer/carbon hybrid structures and properties, as a new classification of CDs. The synthesis methods of CDs and effects of synthesis on the structures and properties of CPDs are discussed. Furthermore, insights are offered into the nucleation mechanism and the future development of CPDs.
The crosslink‐enhanced emission effect was first proposed to explore the strong luminescence of nonconjugated polymer dots possessing only either non‐emissive or weakly emissive sub‐luminophores. ...Interesting phenomena in recent research indicate such enhancement caused by extensive crosslinking appears in diverse luminescent polymers with sub‐luminophores (electron‐rich heteroatomic moieties) or luminophores (conjugated π domains). This enhancement can promote the emission from nonluminous to luminous, from weakly luminous to strongly luminous, and even convert the pathway of radiative transitions. The concept of the crosslink‐enhanced emission effect should be updated and extended to an in‐depth spatial effect, such as electron overlap and energy splitting in confined domains by effective crosslinking, more than initial immobilization. This Minireview outlines the development of the crosslink‐enhanced emission effect from the perspective of the detailed classification, inherent mechanism and applicable systems. An outlook on the further exploration and application of this theory are also proposed.
Strong links: Polymers containing luminophores or sub‐luminophores may display enhanced emission upon crosslinking by covalent, supramolecular, and ionic bonding, and by through‐space interactions in confined domains. In this Minireview the theoretical background is discussed and numerous examples are provided, which may guide researchers in crosslinkage techniques to improve luminescent systems.
Carbon dots (CDs) have received much attention due to their superior properties including water solubility, low toxicity, biocompatibility, small size, fluorescence, and ease of modification. The use ...of a more environmentally friendly method to prepare high‐quality CDs is still an urgent question waiting for solve. The use of renewable, inexpensive, and green biomass resources not only meets the urgent need for large‐scale synthesis biomass CDs (BCDs), but also promotes the development of sustainable applications. In this article, we summarize the representative methods for synthesizing BCDs in green and simple ways using biomass as a carbon source, including hydrothermal carbonization, and microwave, pyrolysis. The prepared BCDs have a uniform particle size distribution and a relatively high throughput, which provide a method to scale up industrial production. Moreover, the integration of specific optical properties, that is, tunable photoluminescence and up‐photoluminescence, has led to remarkable use in bioimaging, sensing, and drug delivery. But the current review is not particularly comprehensive for BCDs. Therefore, we now provide a review focusing on the synthesis, properties, and recent advances in BCDs in biosensing, bioimaging, optoelectronics, and catalytic applications.
In this manuscript, the synthesis methods of BCDs prepared with biomass as a carbon source are introduced, and their properties and applications in various aspects are introduced. In this diagram reflects the properties and applications of BCDs.
Ultrathin two‐dimensional catalysts are attracting attention in the field of electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. This work describe a composite material design in which CoP nanoparticles doped with ...Ru single‐atom sites supported on carbon dots (CDs) single‐layer nanosheets formed by splicing CDs (Ru1CoP/CDs). Small CD fragments bore abundant functional groups, analogous to pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, and could provide a high density of binding sites to immobilize Ru1CoP. The single‐particle‐thick nanosheets formed by splicing CDs acted as supports, which improved the conductivity of the electrocatalyst and the stability of the catalyst during operation. The Ru1CoP/CDs formed from doping atomic Ru dispersed on CoP showed very high efficiency for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) over a wide pH range. The catalyst prepared under optimized conditions displayed outstanding stability and activity: the overpotential for the HER at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 was as low as 51 and 49 mV under alkaline and acidic conditions, respectively. Density functional theory calculations showed that the substituted Ru single atoms lowered the proton‐coupled electron transfer energy barrier and promoted H−H bond formation, thereby enhancing catalytic performance for the HER. The findings open a new avenue for developing carbon‐based hybridization materials with integrated electrocatalytic performance for water splitting.
A composite material was synthesized in which CoP nanoparticles, doped with single‐atom Ru sites, are supported on single‐particle thick nanosheets formed by splicing of CDs (Ru1CoP/CDs). The catalyst prepared under optimized conditions displayed an outstanding stability and activity for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline and acidic conditions.
Carbon dots (CDs), as a new type of carbon-based nanomaterial, have attracted broad research interest for years, because of their diverse physicochemical properties and favorable attributes like good ...biocompatibility, unique optical properties, low cost, ecofriendliness, abundant functional groups (e.g., amino, hydroxyl, carboxyl), high stability, and electron mobility. In this Outlook, we comprehensively summarize the classification of CDs based on the analysis of their formation mechanism, micro-/nanostructure and property features, and describe their synthetic methods and optical properties including strong absorption, photoluminescence, and phosphorescence. Furthermore, the recent significant advances in diverse applications, including optical (sensor, anticounterfeiting), energy (light-emitting diodes, catalysis, photovoltaics, supercapacitors), and promising biomedicine, are systematically highlighted. Finally, we envisage the key issues to be challenged, future research directions, and perspectives to show a full picture of CDs-based materials.
Investigations on the fast capacity loss of Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have highlighted a rich field of mechanical phenomena occurring during charging/discharging cycles, to name only a few, large ...deformations coupled with nonlinear elasticity, plastification, fracture, anisotropy, structural instability, and phase separation phenomena. In the last decade, numerous experimental and theoretical studies have been conducted to investigate and model these phenomena. This review aims, on one hand, at a comprehensive overview of the approaches for modeling the coupled chemo-mechanical behavior of LIBs at three different scales, namely the particle, the electrode, and the battery cell levels. Focus is thereby the impact of mechanics on the cell performance and the degradation mechanisms. We point out the critical points in these models, as well as the challenges towards resolving them. Particularly, by outlining the milestones of theoretical and numerical models, we give a step-by-step instruction to the interested readers in both electrochemical and mechanical communities. On the other hand, this review aims to facilitate the knowledge transfer of mechanically coupled modeling to the study of all-solid-state batteries, where the mechanical issues are expected to play even more diverse and essential roles due to the additional mechanical constraintimposed by the solid electrolytes.
•Comprehensive review of electro-chemo-mechanical modeling of lithium-ion batteries.•Step-by-step instruction of the model for interested newcomers to the field.•Modeling on three length scales: particle, composite electrode and battery cell.•Review and perspective on the mechanically coupled modeling of solid-state batteries.
Energy harvesting technology may be considered an ultimate solution to replace batteries and provide a long‐term power supply for wireless sensor networks. Looking back into its research history, ...individual energy harvesters for the conversion of single energy sources into electricity are developed first, followed by hybrid counterparts designed for use with multiple energy sources. Very recently, the concept of a truly multisource energy harvester built from only a single piece of material as the energy conversion component is proposed. This review, from the aspect of materials and device configurations, explains in detail a wide scope to give an overview of energy harvesting research. It covers single‐source devices including solar, thermal, kinetic and other types of energy harvesters, hybrid energy harvesting configurations for both single and multiple energy sources and single material, and multisource energy harvesters. It also includes the energy conversion principles of photovoltaic, electromagnetic, piezoelectric, triboelectric, electrostatic, electrostrictive, thermoelectric, pyroelectric, magnetostrictive, and dielectric devices. This is one of the most comprehensive reviews conducted to date, focusing on the entire energy harvesting research scene and providing a guide to seeking deeper and more specific research references and resources from every corner of the scientific community.
The entire energy harvesting research field has arrived at the era of harvesting multiple energy sources with hybrid structures and/or multifunctional materials. The development history from single source to multisource harvesters is reviewed. Research directions are suggested for the next generation of harvesters which must be capable of dealing with real ambient environments as opposed to stable or idealized laboratory conditions.
Carbon dots with long‐wavelength emissions, high quantum yield (QY) and good biocompatibility are highly desirable for biomedical applications. Herein, a green, facile hydrothermal synthesis of ...highly efficient red emissive nitrogen‐doped carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) with optimal emission at around 630 nm are reported. The red emissive CPDs possess a variety of superior properties including excellent water dispersibility, good biocompatibility, narrow bandwidth emission, an excitation‐independent emission, and high QY (10.83% (in water) and 31.54% (in ethanol)). Further studies prove that such strong red fluorescence is ascribed to the efficient conjugated aromatic π systems and hydrogen bonds of CPDs. And the fluorescence properties of CPDs can be regulated by adjusting the dosage of HNO3 before the reaction. Additionally, the as‐prepared CPDs are successfully used as a fluorescent probe for bioimaging, both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, biodistribution results demonstrate that most CPDs and their metabolites are not only excreted in urine but also excreted by hepatobiliary system in a rapid manner. Besides, the CPDs could easily cross the blood brain barrier, which may provide a valuable strategy for the theranostics of some brain diseases through real‐time tracking.
o‐phenylenediamine with HNO3 is used to prepare 31.54% efficient red emissive carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) with excellent biocompatibility through the hydrothermal method. The in vivo toxic effects and in vivo imaging of red emissive CPDs intravenously injected into nude mice through the tail vein are explored in detail for the first time.
Near‐infrared‐emissive polymer‐carbon nanodots (PCNDs) are fabricated by a newly developed facile, high‐output strategy. The PCNDs emit at a wavelength of 710 nm with a quantum yield of 26.28%, which ...is promising for deep biological imaging and luminescent devices. Moreover, the PCNDs possess two‐photon fluorescence; in vivo bioimaging and red‐light‐emitting diodes based on these PCNDs are demonstrated.
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