Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC Asteraceae extracts (ASEs) have been investigated for the treatment of various skin disorders. This study reports the effects of ASE-loaded nanoemulsions (NEASE) on ...the cellular viability, death by necrosis, and migration of immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line), as well as the irritant potential through the hen’s egg chorioallantoic membrane test (HET-CAM). NEASE exhibited a polydispersity index above 0.12, with a droplet size of 300 nm, ζ-potential of −40 mV, and content of flavonoids close to 1 mg/mL. No cytotoxicity of the ASE was observed on HaCaT by MTT assay (up to 10 µg/mL). A significant increase of HaCaT viability was observed to NEASE (up to 5 μg/mL of flavonoids), compared to treatment with the ASE. The necrosis death evaluation demonstrated that only NEASE did not lead to cell death at all the tested concentrations. The scratch assay demonstrated that NEASE was able to increase the cell migration at low flavonoid concentrations. Finally, the HET-CAM test proved the non-irritative potential of NEASE. Overall, the results indicate the potential of the proposed formulations for topical use in wound healing, in view of their promising effects on proliferation and migration in keratinocytes, combined with an indication of the absence of cytotoxicity and non-irritating potential.
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•Nanoemulsions and hydrogels promoted greater skin retention/permeation.•Injured skin allowed deeper permeation of isoflavones.•Nanoemulsions promoted keratinocytes proliferation and ...migration in vitro.•Isoflavones aglycones-rich fraction formulations reduced lipid oxidation and inflammation in vivo.•Increased re-epithelization and angiogenesis rates were visualized in a wound healing in vivo model.
Soybean isoflavone aglycones have been investigated as potential wound healing compounds for topical application. The aim of this study was to evaluate the wound healing properties of a soybean isoflavone aglycones-rich fraction (IAF) when incorporated into lipid nanoemulsions dispersed in acrylic-acid hydrogels. Formulations exhibited a mean droplet size in the sub 200 nm range, negative ζ-potential (−60 mV), and displayed non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior. The addition of a gelling agent decreased the IAF release from formulations and improved the retention of these compounds in intact porcine ear skin when compared with a control propylene glycol solution. No IAF were detected in receptor fluid of Franz-type diffusion cells. However, increasing amounts of IAF were noticed in both skin layers and the receptor fluid when the tissue was partially injured (tape stripping), or when the epidermis was completely removed. In vitro studies showed that IAF elicits an increased proliferation and migration of keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line). Subsequently, the healing effect of the formulations was evaluated in a model of dorsal wounds in rats, by assessing the size of the lesions, histology, inflammatory markers, and antioxidant activity. Overall findings demonstrated the potential of IAF-loaded formulations to promote wound healing by increasing angiogenesis by ∼200 %, reducing the lipid oxidation (TBARS) by ∼52 % and the inflammation (TNFα) by ∼35 %, while increasing re-epithelialization by ∼500 %, visualized by the epithelium thickness.
Introduction
Achyrocline satureioides (marcela or macela) is a plant widely used in folk medicine in South America. Recently, there has been increasing interest for the development of skin care ...products containing A. satureoides extracts, due to its well‐documented antioxidant, antiherpetic, and wound healing properties.
Objectives
The present study aimed to develop and validate a yet unexplored stability‐indicating and robust ultra‐fast liquid chromatography (UFLC) method for the simultaneous quantification of the main flavonoids of A. satureioides in extracts, nanoemulsions, and porcine skin layers.
Material and methods
The chromatographic separation of flavonoids quercetin, luteolin, and 3‐O‐methylquercetin was performed on a Luna C18 analytical column (100 mm × 2.0 mm i.d.; particle size 2.5 μm) using isocratic elution with methanol/phosphoric acid 1% (48:52 v/v) with a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min at 40°C.
Results
The method was found to be specific, linear (R > 0.998), precise, accurate, and robust for all flavonoids assayed in A. satureioides extract, nanoemulsions, and porcine ear skin. A low matrix effect was noted for all complex matrices. The stability‐indicating UFLC method was evaluated by submitting isolated flavonoids, a mixture of standards, and A. satureioides extract to acidic, alkaline, oxidative, UV‐A/UV‐C light, and thermal stress conditions. No peaks were found co‐eluting with the flavonoids of interest in all matrices. The robustness of the method was confirmed using Plackett–Burman experimental design.
Conclusion
The short run time (8 min) and reliability of the method could be useful for the determination of A. satureioides flavonoids in topical product development since extracts of this medicinal plant have been used to treat various skin disorders.
A stability‐indicating ultra‐fast liquid chromatography method for the quantification of the main flavonoids of Achyrocline satureioides in extracts, nanoemulsions, and porcine skin layers was developed and validated. The method was found to be specific, linear, accurate, robust and with low matrix effect. The short run time and reliability of the method could be useful for the determination of A. satureioides flavonoids in topical product development since extracts of this medicinal plant have been used to treat various skin disorders.
Coumestrol is an isoflavonoid that exhibits antioxidant activity. In this study, hydrogels containing coumestrol-loaded nanoemulsions were designed to protect the skin against UVA/UVB light. The ...systems investigated were coumestrol-loaded nanoemulsions obtained by spontaneous emulsification procedure formulated in semisolid hydrogels composed of ionic (Carbopol 940®), cationic (chitosan) or non-ionic (hydroxyethylcellulose) gelling materials. Transmission electron microscopy images of formulations showed oil droplets exhibiting 200–300 nm. Hydrogels displayed non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior. Coumestrol content in formulations remained close to 100 % (1 mg/mL) over time (up to 90 days). Regardless of the gelling material used, a lowering of coumestrol release rate was observed, in comparison with the release from nanoemulsion. The permeation and retention of coumestrol in porcine ear skin was evaluated using Franz-type diffusion cells. A higher retention of coumestrol in the epidermis was noticed (20 μg/g) from Carbopol 940-based formulation after 8 h of kinetics. No histological evidence of tissue damage was observed. The nanoemulsion containing coumestrol thickened with Carbopol 940® was selected for further studies. The formulation exhibited antioxidant potential as estimated by TRAP and TAR assays. The skin photoprotective effect was evidenced by means of TBARS, protein carbonylation, and protein thiol content experiments. Overall, our research suggests that the formulation is promising to protect skin against oxidative damage from UVA/UVB light.
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(Lam.) DC extract-loaded nanoemulsions have demonstrated potential for wound healing, with promising effects on keratinocyte proliferation. We carried out the first in vivo investigation of the wound ...healing activity of a hydrogel containing
extract-loaded nanoemulsions. We prepared hydrogels by adding the gelling agent (Carbopol
Ultrez) to extract-loaded nanoemulsions (~250 nm in diameter) obtained by spontaneous emulsification. The final flavonoid content in formulation was close to 1 mg/mL, as estimated by ultra-fast liquid chromatography. Permeation/retention studies using porcine ear skin showed that flavonoids reached deeper layers of pig ear skin when it was damaged (up to 3.2 µg/cm² in the dermis), but did not reach the Franz-type diffusion cell receptor fluid. For healing activity, we performed a dorsal wound model using Wistar rats, evaluating the lesion size, anti-inflammatory markers, oxidative damage, and histology. We found that extract-loaded formulations promoted wound healing by increasing angiogenesis by ~20%, reducing inflammation (tumor necrosis factor α) by ~35%, decreasing lipid damage, and improving the re-epithelialization process in lesions. In addition, there was an increase in the number of blood vessels and hair follicles for wounds treated with the formulation compared with the controls. Our findings indicate that the proposed formulation could be promising in the search for better quality healing and tissue reconstruction.
Soybean isoflavone-rich extracts have been considered as promising skin antiaging products due to their antioxidant activity. This study investigates the effect of soybean isoflavone forms on porcine ...ear skin permeation/retention from topical nanoemulsions and their potential in protecting skin against oxidative damage caused by UVA/UVB light. Soybean non-hydrolyzed (SNHE) and hydrolyzed (SHE) extracts, mainly composed of genistin and genistein, were produced. Nanoemulsions containing SNHE (NE
SNHE
) and SHE (NE
SHE
) were prepared by spontaneous emulsification procedure and yielded monodispersed nanoemulsions. A delay of isoflavone release was observed after extracts incorporation into nanoemulsions when compared to a propyleneglycol dispersion of pure compounds. An increase of isoflavone skin retention from nanoemulsions was also achieved. However, from extracts, a higher amount of genistin (NE
SNHE
) and a lower amount of genistein (NE
SHE
) were detected in the skin in comparison to pure isoflavones. Finally, the protection of porcine ear skin by formulations against UVA/UVB oxidative stress was evaluated. Extract-loaded nanoemulsions offered better skin protection than pure isoflavones. Skin lipids were similarly protected by NE
SHE
and NE
SNHE
, whereas skin proteins were more protected by NE
SNHE
. Overall, nanoemulsions containing isoflavone-rich soybean extracts may be considered a better topical formulation aiming skin protection from UVA/UVB oxidative damage.
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC extract–loaded nanoemulsions have demonstrated potential for wound healing, with promising effects on keratinocyte proliferation. We carried out the first in vivo ...investigation of the wound healing activity of a hydrogel containing A. satureioides extract–loaded nanoemulsions. We prepared hydrogels by adding the gelling agent (Carbopolsup.® Ultrez) to extract-loaded nanoemulsions (~250 nm in diameter) obtained by spontaneous emulsification. The final flavonoid content in formulation was close to 1 mg/mL, as estimated by ultra-fast liquid chromatography. Permeation/retention studies using porcine ear skin showed that flavonoids reached deeper layers of pig ear skin when it was damaged (up to 3.2 µg/cm² in the dermis), but did not reach the Franz-type diffusion cell receptor fluid. For healing activity, we performed a dorsal wound model using Wistar rats, evaluating the lesion size, anti-inflammatory markers, oxidative damage, and histology. We found that extract-loaded formulations promoted wound healing by increasing angiogenesis by ~20%, reducing inflammation (tumor necrosis factor α) by ~35%, decreasing lipid damage, and improving the re-epithelialization process in lesions. In addition, there was an increase in the number of blood vessels and hair follicles for wounds treated with the formulation compared with the controls. Our findings indicate that the proposed formulation could be promising in the search for better quality healing and tissue reconstruction.
Achyrocline satureioides (AS) - Asteraceae é uma planta medicinal amplamente usada na América do Sul. Uma vasta literatura tem mostrado a atividade antioxidante dos extratos de AS. Tal atividade tem ...sido relacionada às principais agliconas flavonoídicas dos extratos de AS: quercetina, luteolina e 3-O-metilquercetina. Neste estudo, descrevemos o desenvolvimento de hidrogéis antioxidantes contendo extrato de AS incorporado em nanoemulsões, objetivando a aplicação tópica. Em uma primeira etapa, nanoemulsões compostas do extrato de AS, triglicerídeos de cadeia média, lecitina de gema de ovo, polissorbato 80 e água foram preparadas por emulsificação espontânea. Este procedimento conduziu à obtenção de nanoemulsões monodispersas (índice de polidispersão <0,2) com tamanho médio de gotícula de 250 nm, confirmado por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, e potencial zeta de aproximadamente -50 mV. Tais propriedades foram similares após a incorporação das nanoemulsões em hidrogéis de Carbopol Ultrez (0,15%) e estas mantiveram-se inalteradas ao longo do tempo (até 90 dias). Os hidrogéis exibiram um comportamento não-Newtoniano pseudoplástico. Foi observada uma maior liberação de 3-O-metilquercetina a partir das ASNE quando comparada com o HASNE. Estudos de permeação/retenção em pele de orelha suína foram realizados utilizando células de difusão do tipo Franz durante 8 horas. Os flavonoides foram retidos progressivamente na pele com um aumento na quantidade de formulação colocada no compartimento doador, até atingir um platô em aproximadamente 2 ug/cm2. Neste platô foi detectada uma maior retenção de 3-O-metilquercetina em comparação com os outros flavonoides. Finalmente, a proteção da pele de orelha suína pelas formulações contra o estresse oxidativo gerado pela luz UVA/UVB, foi evidenciado por meio de técnicas como TBARS, carbonilação de proteínas e grupamentos tióis totais. Os resultados globais mostraram o potencial das formulações desenvolvidas neste estudo visando à prevenção do estresse oxidativo na pele.
Achyrocline satureioides (AS) - Marcela is a medicinal plant widely used in South America. A well-documented literature has shown the antioxidant activity of the extracts of A. satureioides. Such activity has been related to the main aglycone flavonoids of AS: quercetin, luteolin, and 3-O-methylquercetin. In this study, we described the development of antioxidant hydrogels containing an A. satureioides extract-loaded nanoemulsions aimed at topical application. In the first step, nanoemulsions composed of A. satureioides extract, medium chain triglycerides, lecithin yolk egg, polysorbate 80, and water were prepared by means of the spontaneous emulsification. This procedure led to obtaining monodisperse nanoemulsions (polydispersity index <0.2) with average droplet size of 250 nm, confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, and zeta potential of approximately -50mV. Such properties were quite similar after thickening of nanoemulsions with Carbopol® Ultrez (0.15%) and remained unchanged over time (up to 90 days). Hydrogels exhibit a non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior. A higher release of 3-O-mehylquercetin from ASNE was observed when compared with HASNE. Studies of flavonoids permeation/retention through porcine ear skin were performed using Franz diffusion cells during 8 hours. Flavonoids were progressively retained into the porcine ear skin with an increase of the amount of formulation placed in donor compartment, until it reached a plateau of approximately 2 ug/cm2. At this plateau, it was detected a higher retention of 3MQ in comparison with other flavonoids. Finally, a protection the porcine ear skin by formulations, against oxidative stress generated by UVA/UVB light, was demonstrated by means of TBARS, protein carbonylation, and total protein thiol content assays. The overall results showed the potential of the formulations developed in this study for the prevention of oxidative stress on the skin.
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