This paper examines inequalities in income security in later age. Three dimensions of inequality are considered: (i) inequalities in access to income support across countries and types of schemes; ...(ii) inequalities in the level of support within countries; and (iii) trends in gender inequality. Scheme stratification reinforces inequalities across socioeconomic groups and gender. More egalitarian, and sustainable, outcomes in later age income security in Latin America require policy reforms aimed at the incorporation of excluded groups and the withdrawal of public subsidies supporting privileged retirees.
The rapid spread of large-scale and innovative social transfers in the developing world has made a key contribution to the significant reduction in global poverty over the last decade. Explaining how ...flagship anti-poverty programmes emerged, this book provides the first comprehensive account of the global growth of social assistance transfers in developing countries. Armando Barrientos begins by focusing on the ethical and conceptual foundations of social assistance, and he discusses the justifications for assisting those in poverty. He provides a primer on poverty analysis, and introduces readers to the theory of optimal transfers. He then shifts the focus to practice, and introduces a classification of social assistance programmes to help readers understand the diversity in approaches and design in developing countries. The book concludes with an analysis of the financing and politics of the emerging institutions and of their potential to address global poverty.
Has social assistance expansion contributed to political inclusion in Latin America? The current literature favours a “policy exchange” approach, hypothesising that social assistance is an electoral ...asset exploited by governing coalitions. The findings from this literature are mixed. The article proposes an alternative approach emphasising political inclusion. In unequal societies where economic cooperation is regulated by institutions generating inequality and disadvantage, social assistance contributes to the political inclusion of disadvantaged groups. Analysis of Latin American Public Opinion Project data for 2010 to 2019 data finds support for this hypothesis.
Written by a team of internationally respected experts, this book explores the conditions under which social policy, defined as the public pursuit of secure welfare, operates in the poorer regions of ...the world. Social policy in advanced capitalist countries operates through state intervention to compensate for the inadequate welfare outcomes of the labour market. Such welfare regimes cannot easily be reproduced in poorer regions of the world where states suffer problems of governance and labour markets are imperfect and partial. Other welfare regimes therefore prevail involving non-state actors such as landlords, moneylenders and patrons. This book seeks to develop a conceptual framework for understanding different types of welfare regime in a range of countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa and makes an important contribution to the literature by breaking away from the traditional focus on Europe and North America.
Rapid population ageing and economic transformation in Asia underline the policy challenges associated with ensuring income security in old age. This article examines the potential role of social ...pensions in securing old-age income security in Asia. It assesses the main policy trade-offs associated with adopting alternative social pension designs, especially around two critical policy points: the comparative advantages of social assistance and social pensions; and the integration of non-contributory transfers within advanced contributory pension schemes.
Social assistance and inclusive growth Barrientos, Armando; Malerba, Daniele
International social security review,
July/September 2020, 2020-07-00, 20200701, Volume:
73, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Open access
The expansion of social assistance in low‐ and middle‐income countries raises important issues for inclusive growth. Labour is by far the principal asset of low‐income groups. Changes in the ...quantity, quality, and allocation of labour associated with social assistance will impact on the productive capacity of low‐income groups and therefore on inclusive growth. The article re‐assesses the findings reported by impact evaluations of social assistance in low‐ and middle‐income countries to address this issue. Most studies have tested for potentially adverse labour supply incentive effects from transfers but have failed to find supportive evidence. The article highlights findings from this literature on the effects of social assistance on human capital accumulation and labour reallocation. They point to the conclusion that well‐designed and well‐implemented social assistance contributes to inclusive growth.
L'expansion de l'aide sociale dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu soulève d'importantes questions pour la croissance inclusive. Le travail représente de loin l'actif principal des groupes à faible revenu. Si l'on modifie la quantité, la qualité et l'affectation du travail en y ajoutant une aide sociale, cela influencera la capacité de production des groupes à faible revenu et, ainsi, la croissance inclusive. Cet article réévalue les leçons tirées des évaluations de l'impact de l'aide sociale dans les pays à faible et moyen revenu pour traiter cette question. La plupart des études ont analysé les effets potentiellement contreproductifs des transferts comme incitations à l'emploi, mais n'ont pas réussi à apporter des preuves convaincantes. Cet article met en lumière les conclusions de ces publications quant à l'influence de l'aide sociale sur l'accumulation du capital humain et la réaffectation du travail. Les auteurs en concluent qu'une aide sociale bien conçue et correctement mise en œuvre contribue à la croissance inclusive.
La extensión de la asistencia social en los países de ingresos bajos y medios plantea cuestiones importantes para abordar el crecimiento inclusivo. La fuerza laboral es, con diferencia, el principal activo de los grupos de bajos ingresos. Los cambios en la cantidad, la calidad y la distribución de la mano de obra relacionados con la asistencia social incidirán en la capacidad productiva de los grupos de bajos ingresos y, por lo tanto, en el crecimiento inclusivo. Para abordar este tema, en el artículo se reexaminan las conclusiones de las evaluaciones sobre la incidencia de la asistencia social en los países de ingresos bajos y medios. En la mayoría de los estudios se han evaluado los efectos de incentivo potencialmente adversos para la oferta de mano de obra provocados por las transferencias, pero no se han hallado pruebas que los evidencien. En el artículo se destacan los resultados de estos estudios sobre los efectos de la asistencia social en la acumulación de capital humano y la redistribución de la mano de obra. La conclusión es que una asistencia social bien diseñada y puesta en práctica contribuye al crecimiento inclusivo.
Die Ausweitung der Sozialhilfe in Ländern mit niedrigen und mittleren Einkommen wirft wichtige Fragen für das integrative Wachstum auf. Arbeit ist bei Weitem das wichtigste Kapital der Geringverdiener. Änderungen bei Menge, Qualität und Zuteilung von Arbeit in Verbindung mit Sozialhilfe wirken sich auf die produktive Kapazität der Geringverdienergruppen und somit auf das integrative Wachstum aus. Um dieses Problem anzugehen, bewertet der vorliegende Artikel die Erkenntnisse aus der Evaluierung der Auswirkungen von Sozialhilfe in Ländern mit geringen und niedrigen Einkommen neu. Die meisten Studien haben bisher potenziell ungünstige Anreize im Zusammenhang mit dem Arbeitsangebot infolge von Transfers untersucht, aber keine unterstützenden Belege gefunden. Der Artikel befasst sich mit Erkenntnissen aus dieser Literatur über die Auswirkungen von Sozialhilfe auf die Humankapitalbildung und Neuzuteilung von Arbeit, die zu dem Schluss kommen, dass eine gut ausgestaltete und gut umgesetzte staatliche Fürsorge zu einem integrativen Wachstum beiträgt.
Расширение социальной помощи в странах с низким и средним уровнем дохода поднимает вопросы, которые являются важными для инклюзивного роста. В настоящее время рабочая сила является основным активом населения с низким доходом. Изменения в количестве, качестве и распределении рабочей силы, связанные с социальной помощью, повлияют на производственный потенциал лиц с низким доходом и, следовательно, на инклюзивный рост. В статье проводится переоценка данных, полученных в результате анализа воздействия социальной помощи в странах с низким и средним уровнем доходов, что послужит поиском решений такой ситуации. В большинстве исследований изучались потенциально неблагоприятные результаты поддержки рабочего населения путём предоставления финансовой помощи, но в итоге подтверждающие доказательства так и не были найдены. В статье говориться о влиянии социальной помощи на накопление человеческого капитала и перераспределение рабочей силы. Анализ данных сводится к тому, что хорошо продуманные и хорошо реализованные программы по социальной помощи способствуют инклюзивному росту.
中低收入国家社会救助规模的扩大对包容性增长提出了重要议题。到目前为止, 劳动力仍然是低收入群体的主要资产。与社会救助相关的劳动力数量、质量和分配的变化, 将影响低收入群体的生产力, 进而影响包容性增长。本文重新评估了中低收入国家社会救助影响评估的报告结果, 试图解决这一问题。大多数研究就转移支付可能对劳动力供给激励产生负面影响进行了测试, 但未能发现支持性证据。本文强调了社会救助对人力资本积累和劳动力再分配影响方面的文献结果。文献所指向的结论是, 精心设计和稳妥实施的社会救助有助于实现包容性增长。
يثير توسيع نطاق المساعدة الاجتماعية في البلدان ذات الدخل المنخفض والمتوسط قضايا هامة بالنسبة للنمو الشامل. إن العمل هو، بلا منازع، مصدر القوة الرئيسي للفئات ذات الدخل المنخفض. لذا، فإن التغيرات التي تطرأ على كم العمالة المرتبطة بالمساعدة الاجتماعية وجودة هذه العمالة وتوزيعها ستؤثر على القدرة الإنتاجية للفئات المنخفضة الدخل وبالتالي على النمو الشامل. ويعيد هذا المقال تقييم النتائج التي جرى التوصل إليها بعد تقييم أثر المساعدة الاجتماعية في البلدان ذات الدخل المنخفض والمتوسط لتناول هذه المسألة. ولقد اختبرت معظم الدراسات الآثار الضارة المحتملة لحوافز توفير اليد العاملة الناجمة عن عمليات النقل ولكن لم تجد هذه الدراسات أي أدلة على ذلك. ويبرز هذه المقال نتائج هذه الدراسات فيما يتعلق بآثار المساعدة الاجتماعية على تراكم رأس المال البشري وإعادة توزيع العمالة. وخلُصت هذه الدراسات إلى أن المساعدة التقنية المصممة والمنفذة بشكل جيد تساهم في تحقيق النمو الشامل.
A expansão da assistência social em países de baixa e média renda levanta importantes questões para o crescimento inclusivo. A mão de obra é, de longe, o principal recurso dos grupos de baixa renda. As mudanças em quantidade, qualidade e alocação da mão de obra, associadas à assistência social, impactará na capacidade produtiva dos grupos de baixa renda e, portanto, no crescimento inclusivo. O artigo reavalia as conclusões levantadas pelas avaliações do impacto da assistência social nos países de baixa e média renda na abordagem desta questão. Grande parte dos estudos testou os efeitos potencialmente adversos das transferências no incentivo à oferta de mão de obra, mas não encontrou provas comprobatórias. O artigo destaca os levantamentos dos textos especializados sobre os efeitos da assistência social no acúmulo de capital e na realocação da mão de obra. Apontam para a conclusão de que uma assistência social bem projetada e bem implementada contribui para o crescimento inclusivo.
Welfare regimes and the welfare mix Powell, Martin; Barrientos, Armando
European journal of political research,
01/2004, Volume:
43, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
. We present a different approach to appraising welfare regimes, stressing different dimensions, variables and techniques to those used by Esping‐Andersen in his path‐breaking work entitled The Three ...Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. First, instead of focusing on social rights, we construct an alternative path to identifying welfare regimes starting from the welfare mix. Second, we incorporate active labour market policies (ALMP) as a key variable of the welfare mix. Third, we use hierarchical and k‐means cluster analysis to identify welfare regimes in the data. Fourth, we compare regimes over time. Nevertheless, despite these different approaches, we conclude, like Esping‐Andersen, that there are three clusters or worlds of welfare capitalism. We also find that the clustering of welfare regimes was sharper in the mid‐1990s as compared to the mid‐1980s, but that comparing welfare regimes in the 1980s with the 1990s indicates strong path‐dependence. Faced with high and persistent levels of unemployment in the 1990s, OECD countries have adopted policies, including ALMP, which reinforce their welfare mix.
The paper examines the extent to which emerging social transfer programs in developing countries can improve the productive capacity of households in poverty and contribute to micro-level growth. It ...introduces a basic framework linking transfers to growth mediating processes and productive capacity outcomes. This is then used to organize and assess relevant findings from program evaluation studies. The paper concludes that social transfer programs can have positive effects on the productive capacity of poor and poorest groups; but further research is needed to identify and measure the size and significance of these effects.
Economic Growth has been volatile in Pakistan; so is the case with poverty and inequality. It is a matter of great intellectual concern to know why growth has been pro-poor at some occasions of ...history in some specific regions while anti-poor in other areas. This paper disaggregates Poverty Equivalent Growth Rate (PEGR) at urban–rural sectors of Pakistan and across its provinces to measures growth pro-poorness in both relative and absolute terms from 2001 to 2012. Results show an overall counteracting effect of increased inequality on growth elasticity of poverty at national level but with significant regional contrast. Growth at urban level is found pro-poor (anti-poor) for all poverty measures in relative (absolute) term. This is contrary to the rural regions that experienced anti-poorness in both relative and absolute terms. Growth rate and degree of pro-poorness exhibited inverse relationship during different sub-periods. Sub-national PEGR analysis shows differential pattern of pro-poorness across regions and time. Growth proved relatively pro-poor in Balochistan and Sindh while it turned to be anti-poor in the Punjab and, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Though the relative pace of rural poverty reduction is found higher across different provinces, yet rural areas still markedly lagged behind their urban counterparts in terms of growth pro-poorness. This is suggesting relatively fewer growth gains to the rural poor across different regions of the country. A consistent doses of long term pro-poor and distributive policies through fiscal and monetary management can be a workable option to minimize the gap between the rich and the poor.
The paper considers the role of social protection in mitigating the impact of COVID‐19 on livelihoods and in addressing the impact of the economic crisis ahead.
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