This article reexamines and develops the analytical metaphor of “Reserve Soldiers as Transmigrants” in three directions. First, we advance the notion of transmigration by linking it to the explicit ...and implicit “contracts” or agreements struck between the military and individuals and groups within and outside of it. Second, we show that the “management” model of reserve forces is not just an administrative matter but that “negotiating” with reservists involves wider issues that include managing identity, commitment, and the meaning attached to military service. Third, we examine the institutional and political meaning of the reserves at the macro sociological level. The juxtaposition and interplay of two models—transmigration and multiple contracts—allows us to introduce structural elements into the movement of soldiers between the military and civilian society, and add a dynamic dimension to the contents of the implicit contracts that organize reservists’ relations with the state and military.
The combat experience of Israel's ground forces in the second Palestinian uprising, the Al-Aqsa Intifada (2000–2006), is given full critical attention in this engaging study. Based on extensive ...interviews and observations, Rethinking Contemporary Warfare explores the ongoing debate about how the armed forces of industrial democracies wage contemporary military operations. Irregular warfare presents challenges, as routine activities can suddenly turn into violent action, forcing military forces to quickly adapt under the changing circumstances of the conflict. Such "new wars" are a messy reality consisting of high and low intensity conflict, the involvement of media and human rights movements, and the martial administration of civilian populations. Exploring the broad social and organizational features of these militaries, this volume sets forth new analytical tools to understand the peculiarities of irregular warfare in the post-Cold War era. These critical concepts include loose coupling between units, organizations that mediate between ground forces and civilian environments, and the militarization of civilian environments in urban warfare
Military-civilian encounters are multiple and diverse in our
times. Contributors to this volume demonstrate how military and
civilian domains are constituted through entanglements undermining
the ...classic civil-military binary and manifest themselves in
unexpected places and manners. Moreover, the essays trace out the
ripples, reverberations and resonations of civil-military
entanglements in areas not usually associated with such ties, but
which are nevertheless real and significant for an understanding of
the roles war, violence and the military play in shaping
contemporary societies and the everyday life of its citizens.
This article is an exploratory study of the factors influencing the management of diversity at the unit level. This management is carried out through ongoing negotiations between troops and ...commanders and is heavily influenced by the character of the unit within which bargaining takes place and involves the active role of both sides. The most important factors are the unit’s structural characteristic (dominant military roles or social composition) and ethos of action (a combat or service orientation). Diversity is thus simultaneously managed as formal policy (intentionally organized) and is self-organized as phenomena emerging at the local level through agreements between the military and individuals and groups serving within it. The analysis is based on qualitative research carried out within the Israel Defense Forces within combat, white-collar, and service units.
In continuation of our studies on bond activation and catalysis by pincer complexes, based on metal–ligand cooperation, we present here a rare example of amine N–H activation by Rh(I) complexes. The ...novel dearomatized pincer complexes (PNN*)RhL′ (PNN = 2-(CH2-P t Bu2)-6-(CH2-NEt2)C5H3N, PNN* = deprotonated PNN, L′ = N2 (5), C2H4 (6)) and ( i PrPNP*)RhL′ ( i PrPNP = 2,6-(CH2-P i Pr2)2C5H3N, i PrPNP* = deprotonated i PrPNP, L′ = C2H4 (7), cyclooctene (9)) were prepared and fully characterized by NMR and X-ray analysis. Complexes 5–7 and 9 undergo facile N–H activation of anilines involving aromatization of the pincer ligand without a change in the formal oxidation state of the metal center to form stable anilide complexes (PNN)Rh(NHAr) and ( i PrPNP)Rh(NHAr) (Ar = C6H5, o-Br-C6H4, m-Cl-p-Cl-C6H3, p-NO2-C6H4). Anilines possessing electron-withdrawing groups accelerate the N–H activation and yield more stable anilide complexes. The pincer and the ancillary ligands also affect the activation rate, which supports an associative mechanism. Spin saturation transfer experiments show chemical exchange between the pyridylic arm of the pincer ligand and the NH– protons of anilines prior to and after the N–H activation. The reverse N–H formation by metal–ligand cooperation from the anilide complexes was observed to give free anilines and dearomatized Rh(I) complexes upon addition of CO or PEt3. Deprotonation of complexes (PNL)Rh(p-NO2-NH2C6H4) (13, P = P t Bu2, L = NEt2; 15, P = L = P i Pr2) yields the dearomatized anionic complexes (PNL*)Rh(p-NO2-NH2C6H4). An associative mechanism, involving N–H activation of an apically coordinated aniline in a pentacoordinated Rh(I) complex, is suggested.
Unusual reactions are reported, in which the aromatic PNP ligand (PNP = 2,6-bis-(di-tert-butylphosphinomethyl)pyridine) acts in concert with the metal in the activation of H2 and benzene, via facile ...aromatization/dearomatization processes of the ligand. A new, dearomatized electron-rich (PNP*)Ir(I) complex 2 (PNP* = deprotonated PNP) activates benzene to form the aromatic (PNP)Ir(I)Ph 4, which upon treatment with CO undergoes a surprising oxidation process to form (PNP*)Ir(III)(H)CO 6, involving proton migration from the ligand “arm” to the metal, with concomitant dearomatization. 4 undergoes stereoselective activation of H2 to exclusively form the trans-dihydride 7, rather than the expected cis-dihydride complex. Our evidence, including D-labeling, suggests the possibility that the Ir(I)−Ph complex is transformed to the dearomatized Ir(III)(Ph)(H) (independently prepared at low temperature), which may be the actual intermediate undergoing H2 activation.
DFT calculations on the hydrogenation of a (PNP)Ir(I) complex, to give the trans--rather then the cis--dihydride isomer, show that the reaction proceeds via a deprotonation/protonation of the ligand ...arm with concomitant dearomatization/aromatization of the pyridine core. Thus, the actual H(2) activation step occurs by an Ir(III) complex and not by the Ir(I) starting complex, as supported by experimental observations. This ligand participation allows for products that would otherwise be inaccessible. In addition, trace amounts of water, which are likely to be present in the solvent, facilitate proton transfer reaction steps.
The anionic dearomatized complex (PNP*)RhIClK (2; PNP = 2,6-bis((di-tert-butylphosphino)methyl)pyridine, PNP* = deprotonated PNP) was prepared by reaction of the aromatic (PNP)RhICl complex 1 with ...KN(SiMe3)2 in dry benzene. Spectroscopic characterization and DFT calculations confirm a nonaromatic square-planar structure of complex 2. Under an atmosphere of dry argon, 2 undergoes facile C–H activation of benzene by cooperation between the metal center and the pincer ligand, with aromatization of the ligand, to form the complex (PNP)RhI(C6H5) (3a). This reaction is inhibited by dinitrogen, which reacts with 2 to form the complex (PNP*)RhI(N2) (4), indicating higher stabilization of the 14-electron (PNP*)RhI species 5 by dinitrogen as compared with chloride. Similarly, treatment of 2 with CO results in KCl liberation to form the dearomatized (PNP*)RhICO (8). In a protic environment, the dearomatized complex 2 is quickly reprotonated to regenerate the aromatic starting complex 1. Upon treatment with MeI, 2 undergoes oxidative addition to form the nonaromatic (PNP*)RhIII(CH3)Cl (10), while the dearomatized ligand remains intact. Complex 2 undergoes facile activation of H2 to form the monohydride (PNP)RhI(H) (11a) and with D2 to form (PNP)RhI(D) (11b) with benzylic-D incorporation, via metal–ligand cooperation by aromatization of the ligand. The reactivity of 2 with H2 is significantly higher than that of 4.
This article suggests a new perspective for examining the particular social and organizational characteristics of military reserves forces and the special experiences of serving in the reserves. To ...illustrate the unique social position of reservists, the authors develop a theoretical model that likens them to transmigrants. Accordingly, the authors suggest that society may benefit from looking at reserves both as sorts of social and organizational hybrids or amalgams—they are soldiers and civilians, they are outside yet inside the military system, and are invested in both spheres—and as continual migrants journeying between military and civilian spheres. The authors end by suggesting that it may be fruitful to study three segments of the military, each of which has its own dynamics: regulars, conscripts, and reserves. This differentiation allows society to examine different patterns of motivation, cohesion, political commitment and awareness, and long-term considerations that characterize each segment.
