The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has updated its 2002 guidelines on screening for breast cancer, drawing on data from studies completed in the past 15 years.
In November 2014, ...experts from 16 countries met at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to assess the cancer-preventive and adverse effects of different methods of screening for breast cancer. (The members of the working group for volume 15 of the IARC Handbook are listed at the end of the article; affiliations are provided in the Supplementary Appendix, available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.) This update of the 2002 IARC handbook on breast-cancer screening
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is timely for several reasons. Recent improvements in treatment outcomes for late-stage breast cancer and concerns regarding overdiagnosis call for reconsideration. . . .
In human beings, observational data showed slight but statistically significant associations with APC gene mutation or promoter methylation that were identified in 75 (43%) and 41 (23%) of 185 ...archival colorectal cancer samples, respectively.17 Consuming well done cooked red meat increases the bacterial mutagenicity of human urine. In three intervention studies in human beings, changes in oxidative stress markers (either in urine, faeces, or blood) were associated with consumption of red meat or processed meat.18 Red and processed meat intake increased lipid oxidation products in rodent faeces.13 Substantial supporting mechanistic evidence was available for multiple meat components (NOC, haem iron, and HAA).
Occupational use was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in a Canadian case-control study8 and in the AHS, which reported a significant trend for aggressive cancers after adjustment ...for other pesticides.9 In mice, malathion increased hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma (combined).10 In rats, it increased thyroid carcinoma in males, hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma (combined) in females, and mammary gland adenocarcinoma after subcutaneous injection in females.4 Malathion is rapidly absorbed and distributed. Red meat and processed meat Monograph Working Group Members A Blair (USA)--Meeting Chair; L Fritschi (Australia); J McLaughlin; C M Sergi (Canada); G M Calaf (Chile); F Le Curieux (Finland); I Baldi (France); F Forastiere (Italy); H Kromhout (Netherlands); A 't Mannetje (New Zealand); T Rodriguez unable to attend (Nicaragua); P Egeghy unable to attend, G D Jahnke; C W Jameson; M T Martin; M K Ross; I Rusyn; L Zeise (USA) Invited Specialists C Portier (Switzerland) Representatives M E Gouze, for the French Agency for Food, Environment and Occupational Health and Safety (France); J Rowland, for the US Environmental Protection Agency (USA) Observers M K Boye Jensen, for Cheminova (Denmark); B Fervers, for the Léon Bérard Centre (France); E Giroux, for University Jean-Moulin Lyon 3 (France); T Sorahan, for Monsanto Company (USA); C Strupp, for the European Crop Protection Association (Belgium); P Sutton, for the University of California, San Francisco (USA) IARC/WHO Secretariat L Benbrahim-Tallaa; R Carel; F El Ghissassi; Sonia El-Zaemey; Y Grosse; N Guha; K Z Guyton; C Le Cornet; M Leon; D Loomis; H Mattock; C Scoccianti; A Shapiro; K Straif; J Zavadil For the Preamble to the IARC Monographs see http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Preamble/index.php For declarations of interests see http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Meetings/vol112-participants.pdf We declare no competing interests.
For bladder cancer, there was no consistent evidence of an association with drinking coffee, or of an exposure-response gradient from ten cohort studies and several population-based case-control ...studies in Europe, the USA, and Japan.3-5 In several studies, relative risks were increased in men but were null or decreased in women, consistent with residual confounding from smoking or occupational exposures among men. Welding, welding fumes and some related chemicals IARC Monograph Working Group Members L T Stayner (USA)--meeting chair; E Milne (Australia); S Knasmüller (Austria); A Farah, L F Ribeiro Pinto (Brazil); D W Lachenmeier (Germany); C Bamia (Greece); A Tavani (Italy); M Inoue (Japan); N Djordjevic (Serbia); P C H Hollman, P A van den Brandt (Netherlands); J A Baron, E Gonzalez de Mejia, F Islami (unable to attend); C W Jameson, F Kamangar, D L McCormick, I Pogribny, I I Rusyn, R Sinha, M C Stern, K M Wilson (USA) Declaration of interests MI is the beneficiary of a financial contribution from AXA Research fund as chair holder of the AXA Department of Health and Human Security, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo from Nov 1, 2012.
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