The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has now affected tens of millions of people globally. It is the hope that vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 will deliver a comprehensive solution to this global ...pandemic; however, this will require extensive national vaccination programs. Ultimately, clinical conditions and even sudden unexplained death will occur around the time of vaccination, thus a distinction needs to be made between events that are causally related to the vaccine or temporally related to vaccination. This study aimed to estimate the background occurrence of 43 clinical conditions in the Japanese population.
A retrospective cohort study was conducted from 2013 to 2019 using data from two large healthcare claims databases (MDV and JMDC) in Japan. The estimated number of new cases and incidence were calculated based on the actual number of new cases identified in the databases. The PubMed and Ichushi-web databases, as well as grey literature such as guidelines and government statistics, were also searched to identify any publications related to incidence of these conditions in Japan.
The estimates of the number of total cases and incidence were similar for the MDV and JMDC databases for some diseases. In addition, some estimates were similar to those in the scientific literature. For example, from the MDV and JMDC databases, estimates of incidence of confirmed Bell's palsy in 2019 were 41.7 and 47.9 cases per 100,000 population per year, respectively. These estimates were of the same order from the scientific publication. Determining whether clinical conditions occurring around the time of vaccination are causally or only temporally related to vaccination will be critical for public health decision makers as well as for the general public. Comparison of background occurrence at the population level may provide some additional objective evidence for the evaluation of temporality or causality.
Asking readers to imagine a history of Mexico narrated through the
experiences of Africans and their descendants, this book offers a radical
reconfiguration of Latin American history. Using ...ecclesiastical and inquisitorial
records, Herman L. Bennett frames the history of Mexico around the private lives and
liberty that Catholicism engendered among enslaved Africans and free blacks, who
became majority populations soon after the Spanish conquest. The resulting history
of 17th-century Mexico brings forth tantalizing personal and family dramas, body
politics, and stories of lost virtue and sullen honor. By focusing on these
phenomena among peoples of African descent, rather than the conventional history of
Mexico with the narrative of slavery to freedom figured in, Colonial Blackness
presents the colonial drama in all its untidy detail.
BackgroundCavovarus foot deformity is common in patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Multiple surgical reconstructive procedures have been described, but few authors have reported long-term ...results. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of an algorithmic approach to reconstruction for the treatment of a cavovarus foot in these patients.MethodsWe evaluated twenty-five consecutive patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease and cavovarus foot deformity (forty-one feet) who had undergone, between 1970 and 1994, a reconstruction consisting of dorsiflexion osteotomy of the first metatarsal, transfer of the peroneus longus to the peroneus brevis, plantar fascia release, transfer of the extensor hallucis longus to the neck of the first metatarsal, and in selected cases transfer of the tibialis anterior tendon to the lateral cuneiform. Each patient completed standardized outcome questionnaires (the Short Form-36 SF-36 and Foot Function Index FFI). Radiographs were evaluated to assess alignment and degenerative arthritis, and gait analysis was performed. The mean age at the time of follow-up was 41.5 years, and the mean duration of follow-up was 26.1 years.ResultsCorrection of the cavus deformity was well maintained, although most patients had some recurrence of hindfoot varus as seen on radiographic examination. The patients had a lower mean SF-36 physical component score than age-matched norms, and the women had a lower mean SF-36 physical component score than the men, although this difference was not significant. Smokers had lower mean SF-36 scores and significantly higher mean FFI pain, disability, and activity limitation subscores (p < 0.0001). Seven patients (eight feet) underwent a total of eleven subsequent foot or ankle operations, but no patient required a triple arthrodesis. Moderate-to-severe osteoarthritis was observed in eleven feet. With the numbers studied, the age at surgery, age at the time of follow-up, and body mass index were not noted to have a significant correlation with the SF-36 or FFI scores.ConclusionsUse of the described soft-tissue procedures and first metatarsal osteotomy to correct cavovarus foot deformity results in lower rates of degenerative changes and reoperations as compared with those reported at the time of long-term follow-up of patients treated with triple arthrodesis.Level of EvidenceTherapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
This book charts new directions in thinking about the construction
of new world identities... The way in which Bennett integrates race, gender, and
the tension between canon and secular law into his ...analysis will inspire
re-examination of earlier studies of marriage in Latin America and the
Caribbean. -- Judith A. Byfield Colonial Mexico was home to
the largest population of free and slave Africans in the New World. Africans in
Colonial Mexico explores how they learned to make their way in a culture of Spanish
and Roman Catholic absolutism by using the legal institutions of church and state to
create a semblance of cultural autonomy. From secular and ecclesiastical court
records, Bennett reconstructs the lives of slave and free blacks, their regulation
by the government and by the Church, the impact of the Inquisition, their legal
status in marriage, and their rights and obligations as Christian subjects. His
findings demonstrate the malleable nature of African identities in the Atlantic
world, as well as the ability of Africans to deploy their own psychological
resources to survive displacement and oppression.
A primer on skeletal dysplasias Handa, Atsuhiko; Nishimura, Gen; Zhan, Malia Xin ...
Japanese journal of radiology,
03/2022, Volume:
40, Issue:
3
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Skeletal dysplasia encompasses a heterogeneous group of over 400 genetic disorders. They are individually rare, but collectively rather common with an approximate incidence of 1/5000. Thus, ...radiologists occasionally encounter skeletal dysplasias in their daily practices, and the topic is commonly brought up in radiology board examinations across the world. However, many radiologists and trainees struggle with this issue because of the lack of proper resources. The radiological diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias primarily rests on pattern recognition—a method that is often called the “Aunt Minnie” approach. Most skeletal dysplasias have an identifiable pattern of skeletal changes composed of unique findings and even pathognomonic findings. Thus, skeletal dysplasias are the best example to which the Aunt Minnie approach is readily applicable.
The purpose of this article is to summarize the nomenclature of nonneoplastic conditions affecting subchondral bone through a review of the medical literature and expert opinion of the Society of ...Skeletal Radiology Subchondral Bone Nomenclature Committee.
This consensus statement summarizes current understanding of the pathophysiologic characteristics and imaging findings of subchondral nonneoplastic bone lesions and proposes nomenclature to improve effective communication across clinical specialties and help avoid diagnostic errors that could affect patient care.
In this updated cross-sectional analysis of the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, we found that among the 2.5 million more weighted emergency department (ED) visits in 2021 compared ...with 2020, there was an insignificant increase in HIV testing per ED visit in 2021 compared with 2020 (0.81% to 0.86%). This suggests HIV testing during ED visits did not increase in line with rebounding visit volumes after the pandemic nadir.
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•Common non-infectious causes of thoracic spondylodiscitis include degenerative changes, Charcot neuroarthropathy, CPPD or gout.•Full clinical picture including history, presentation, ...labs, imaging, culture and histopathology need to be assessed for accurate diagnosis.•As noninfectious discitis may in part be a diagnosis of exclusion, careful FU is warranted to verify no emergence of evidence to support infection.
Discitis/ Osteomyelitis is an inflammatory process involving an intervertebral disc and the adjacent vertebral bodies. Infection is the most common cause of discitis, which is often spontaneous and hematogenous in origin. However, many noninfectious processes affecting the spine such as pseudarthrosis in ankylosing spondylitis, amyloidosis, destructive spondyloarthropathy of hemodialysis, Modic changes type 1, neuropathic arthropathy, calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate (CPPD) spondyloarthropathy and gout can mimic infectious discitis/ osteomyelitis. To determine whether a particular patient’s spinal process is due to an infectious versus non-infectious cause can be challenging. Although clinical findings and laboratory studies including erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or C-reactive protein (CRP) can be helpful in the diagnosis of bacterial discitis/osteomyelitis due to their high sensitivity; however, their specificity is low. Moreover, both the infectious and non-infectious discitis can appear quite similar on the imaging studies. We present two cases of thoracic discitis with adjacent vertebral osteomyelitis of probable non-infectious etiology. Both were managed with instrumented fusion for stabilization. We also discuss a range of noninfectious causes of discitis/spondylitis and their radiological features which can help differentiate from infectious processes.
BackgroundChildhood obesity is rising in disadvantaged areas in England. Sure Start children’s centres provide community-based services for children <5 years and their parents, including many ...services that can support healthy weight, directly or indirectly. Since 2010, austerity-driven cuts to local authority (LA) budgets have led to substantially reduced public expenditure on Sure Start services. We assessed whether childhood obesity prevalence has increased more since 2010 in those areas in England that experienced greater cuts to spending on Sure Start.MethodsThis longitudinal ecological study covers the period 2010/2011–2017/2018. Our exposure was LA expenditure on Sure Start, using Department for Education data. Our main outcome was LA obesity prevalence at age 4–5 years, using National Child Measurement Programme data. We used fixed-effects panel regression to quantify the association between change in spending and change in the prevalence of childhood obesity.ResultsSpending on Sure Start children’s centres decreased on average 53% over the study period, with deeper cuts in more deprived LAs. Each 10% spending cut was associated with a 0.34% relative increase in obesity prevalence the following year (95% CI 0.15% to 0.53%). We estimated there were an additional 4575 children with obesity (95% CI 1751 to 7399) and 9174 overweight or obese (95% CI 2689 to 15 660) compared with expected numbers had funding levels been maintained.ConclusionsCuts to spending on Sure Start children’s centres were associated with increased childhood obesity. With deprived areas experiencing bigger spending cuts, reinvesting in these services may, alongside wider benefits for child development, contribute to reducing inequalities in childhood obesity.
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