In the VIP (VIolation of Pauli exclusion principle) and its follow-up VIP- 2 experiments at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, we test the validity of the Pauli Exclusion Principle, by ...searching for x-rays from copper atomic transitions from a 2p orbit electron to the ground state which is already occupied by two electrons. Such transitions are prohibited by the Pauli Exclusion Principle. The physics run of the VIP-2 experiment started in late 2016 and will collect data for three years. From the first data taking period of two months we have obtained a new limit better than the VIP result from three years of running. In this article we present the published first physics result from the VIP-2 experiment and discuss about the future perspectives.
The factors that influence micropropagation and the production of volatile compounds in Hyptis marrubioides plantlets were investigated. We performed 4 experiments as follows: culture medium volumes ...(10, 20, 30, and 40 ml); explant orientation (vertical and horizontal); positions of nodal segments (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th) and multiplication rate as a function of explant origin was examined. After 40 to 45 days, shoot length, root length, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, number of shoots, and number of nodes were determined. The multiplication rate was determined from 3 subcultures using apical and nodal segments as explants. The best grew in vitro when 40 ml of culture medium was used and nodal segments containing 2 pairs of buds were inoculated in the horizontal position. The positions closer to the apex of explants exhibited longest shoot length, most accumulated SDW and RDW, and longest RL. Largest multiplication rate (4.06) was obtained from third subculture using apical buds as the explant source. Plants grown in vivo and in vitro were analyzed to determine their essential oil components. Nodal culture method is effective for micropropagation of H. marrubioides. Plants grown in greenhouse, wild and in vitro do not affect the chemical composition of the volatile fraction.
The VIP (Violation of Pauli exclusion principle) experiment and its follow-up experiment VIP-2 at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) search for X-rays from Cu atomic states that are ...prohibited by the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP). The candidate events, if they exist, will originate from the transition of a 2p orbit electron to the ground state which is already occupied by two electrons. The present limit on the probability for PEP violation for electron is 4.7 ×10-29 set by the VIP experiment. With upgraded detectors for high precision X-ray spectroscopy, the VIP-2 experiment will improve the sensitivity by 2 orders of magnitude.
By performing X-rays measurements in the "cosmic silence" of the underground laboratory of Gran Sasso, LNGS-INFN, we test a basic principle of quantum mechanics: the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP), ...for electrons. We present the achieved results of the VIP experiment and the ongoing VIP2 measurement aiming to gain two orders of magnitude improvement in testing PEP. We also use a similar experimental technique to search for radiation (X and gamma) predicted by continuous spontaneous localization models, which aim to solve the "measurement problem".
We are experimentally investigating possible violations of standard quantum mechanics predictions in the Gran Sasso underground laboratory in Italy. We test with high precision the Pauli Exclusion ...Principle and the collapse of the wave function (collapse models). We present our method of searching for possible small violations of the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) for electrons, through the search for "anomalous" X-ray transitions in copper atoms. These transitions are produced by "new" electrons (brought inside the copper bar by circulating current) which can have the possibility to undergo Pauli-forbidden transition to the 1s level already occupied by two electrons. We describe the VIP2 (VIolation of the Pauli Exclusion Principle) experimental data taking at the Gran Sasso underground laboratories. The goal of VIP2 is to test the PEP for electrons in agreement with the Messiah-Greenberg superselection rule with unprecedented accuracy, down to a limit in the probability that PEP is violated at the level of 10−31. We show preliminary experimental results and discuss implications of a possible violation.
In the last decades huge theoretical effort was devoted to the development of consistent theoretical models, aiming to solve the so-called "measurement problem". Among these, the Dynamical Reduction ...Models possess the unique characteristic to be experimentally testable, thus enabling to set experimental upper bounds on the reduction rate parameter λ characterizing these models. By analysing the X-ray spectrum emitted by an isolated slab of Germanium, we set the most stringent limit on the λ parameter up to date.
The Pauli Exclusion Principle is one of the most fundamental rules of nature and represents a pillar of modern physics. According to many observations the Pauli Exclusion Principle must be extremely ...well fulfilled. Nevertheless, numerous experimental investigations were performed to search for a small violation of this principle. The VIP experiment at the Gran Sasso underground laboratory searched for Pauli-forbidden X-ray transitions in copper atoms using the Ramberg-Snow method and obtained the best limit so far. The follow-up experiment VIP2 is designed to reach even higher sensitivity. It aims to improve the limit by VIP by orders of magnitude. The experimental method, comparison of different PEP tests based on different assumptions and the developments for VIP2 are presented.
One of the fundamental rules of nature and a pillar in the foundation of quantum theory and thus of modern physics is represented by the Pauli Exclusion Principle. We know that this principle is ...extremely well fulfilled due to many observations. Numerous experiments were performed to search for tiny violation of this rule in various systems. The experiment VIP at the Gran Sasso underground laboratory is searching for possible small violations of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons leading to forbidden X-ray transitions in copper atoms. VIP is aiming at a test of the Pauli Exclusion Principle for electrons with high accuracy, down to the level of 10−29 – 10−30, thus improving the previous limit by 3–4 orders of magnitude. The experimental method, results obtained so far and new developments within VIP2 (follow-up experiment at Gran Sasso, in preparation) to further increase the precision by 2 orders of magnitude will be presented.
Many experiments investigated the possible violation of the Pauli Exclusion Principle (PEP) since its discovery in 1925. The VIP(Violation of the Pauli Principle) experiment tested the PEP by ...measuring the probability for an external electron to be captured and undergo a 2p to 1s transition during its cascading process, with the 1s state already occupied by two electrons. This transition is forbidden by the PEP. The VIP experiment resulted in an upper limit for the probability of PEP violation of 4.7 × 10−29. Currently a setup for the follow up experiment VIP2 is under preparation. The goal of this experiment is to improve the upper limit for the violation of the PEP by two orders of magnitude, by using new X-ray detectors and by implementing an active shielding. We then present the idea of using an analogous experimental technique to search for X rays as a signature of the spontaneous collapse of the wave function, predicted by the continuous spontaneous localization theories, and discuss some very encouraging preliminary results.
The Pauli exclusion principle (PEP), consequence of the spin-statistics connection, is one of the basic principles of the modern physics. Being at the very basis of our understanding of matter, as ...many other fundamental principles it spurs a lively debate on its possible limits, deeply rooted in the very foundations of Quantum Field Theory. Therefore, it is extremely important to test the limits of its validity. Quon theory provides a suitable mathematical framework of possible violation of PEP, where the violation parameter q translates into a probability of violating PEP. The VIP (VIolation of the Pauli exclusion principle) experiment established a new limit on the probability that PEP is violated by electrons, using the method of searching for PEP forbidden atomic transitions in copper. We describe the experimental method, the obtained results, both in terms of the q-parameter from quon theory and as probability of PEP violation, we briefly discuss them and present future plans to go beyond the actual limit by upgrading the experimental setup. We also shortly mention the possibility of using a similar experimental technique to search for eventual X-rays, generated in the spontaneous collapse models in quantum mechanics.
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