Summary An upcoming hypothesis about the evolutionary origins of metabolic syndrome is that of a ‘soldier’ to ‘diplomat’ transition in behaviour and the accompanying metabolic adaptations. ...Theoretical as well as empirical studies have shown that similar to the soldier and diplomat dichotomy, physically aggressive and non-aggressive strategists coexist in animal societies with negative frequency dependent selection. Although dominant individuals have a higher reproductive success obtained through means such as greater access to females, subordinate individuals have alternative means such as sneak-mating for gaining a substantial reproductive success. The alternative behavioural strategies are associated with different neurophysiologic and metabolic states. Subordinate individuals typically have low testosterone, high plasma cholesterol and glucocorticoids and elevated serotonin signalling whereas dominant ones are characterized by high testosterone, low brain serotonin and lower plasma cholesterol. Food and sex are the main natural causes of aggression. However, since aggression increases the risk of injury, aggression control is equally crucial. Therefore chronic satiety in the form of fat should induce aggression control. It is not surprising that the satiety hormone serotonin has a major role in aggression control. Further chronically elevated serotonin signalling in the hypothalamus induces peripheral insulin resistance. Meta-analysis shows that most of the anti-aggression signal molecules are pro-obesity and pro-insulin-resistance. Physical aggression is known to increase secretion of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in anticipation of injuries and EGF is important in pancreatic beta cell regeneration too. In anticipation of injuries aggression related hormones also facilitate angiogenesis and angiogenesis dysfunction is the root cause of a number of co-morbidities of insulin resistance syndrome. Reduced injury proneness typical of ‘diplomat’ life style would also reorient the immune system resulting into delayed wound healing on the one hand and increased systemic inflammation on the other. Diabetes is negatively associated with physically aggressive behaviour. We hypothesize that suppression of physical aggression is the major behavioural cue for the development of metabolic syndrome. Preliminary trials of behavioural intervention indicate that games and exercises involving physical aggression reduce systemic inflammation and improve glycemic control.
A weakly coordinating, carbonyl-assisted C-H activation of aromatic systems with α,β-unsaturated ketone and subsequent aldol condensation has been developed using a Cp*Co(CO)I
catalyst. The developed ...method is the first example of indene synthesis by cobalt-catalyzed C-H activation. In addition, the reaction requires mild reaction conditions and easily accessible starting materials, and it shows excellent functional group compatibility.
A divergent formal synthesis of polyhydroxylated macrocyclic lactone (+)-aspicillin and polyene bioactive natural product β-parinaric acid and the total synthesis of non-terpenoid metabolite ...isolaurepan have been achieved using a ruthenium-catalyzed stereo- and chemoselective oxidative coupling reaction of easily accessible vinyl ketones and acrylates. The crucial transformation involves the efficient synthesis and functionalization of stereodefined (E,E)-1,6-dioxo-2,4-dienes using simple reaction protocols, which enabled straightforward access to a diverse range of bioactive natural products.
A Ru-catalyzed direct oxidative coupling reaction of vinyl ketones was developed. It offers a straightforward and atom-economical protocol for the synthesis of functionalized (
E
,
E
...)-1,6-dioxo-2,4-diene derivatives in moderate to good yields with excellent stereo- and chemoselectivities. In addition, the synthetic utility of this method was further demonstrated by its application to the synthesis of bioactive natural products such as (7
E
,9
E
)-henicosa-7,9-diene-6,11-dione (sex pheromone), ostopanic acid (plant anticancer agent), JA (anti-tumor agent) and the southern part (C1-C13) of the antibiotic macrolactin-T.
A Ru-catalyzed direct oxidative coupling reaction of vinyl ketones was developed.
Purpose
H3K27M-mutant diffuse midline gliomas (M-DMGs) exhibit a clinically aggressive course. We studied diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and perfusion (PWI) MRI features of DMG with the hypothesis ...that DWI-PWI metrics can serve as biomarkers for the prediction of the H3K27M mutation status in DMGs.
Methods
A retrospective review of the institutional database (imaging and histopathology) of patients with DMG (July 2016 to July 2020) was performed. Tumoral apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and peritumoral ADC (PT ADC) values and their normalized values (nADC and nPT ADC) were computed. Perfusion data were analyzed with manual arterial input function (AIF) and leakage correction (LC) Boxerman-Weiskoff models. Normalized maximum relative CBV (rCBV) was evaluated. Intergroup analysis of the imaging variables was done between M-DMGs and wild-type (WT-DMGs) groups.
Results
Ninety-four cases (M-DMGs-
n
= 48 (51%) and WT-DMGs-
n
= 46(49%)) were included. Significantly lower PT ADC (mutant—1.1 ± 0.33, WT—1.23 ± 0.34;
P
= 0.033) and nPT ADC (mutant—1.64 ± 0.48, WT—1.83 ± 0.54;
P
= 0.040) were noted in the M-DMGs. The rCBV (mutant—25.17 ± 27.76, WT—13.73 ± 14.83;
P
= 0.018) and nrCBV (mutant—3.44 ± 2.16, WT—2.39 ± 1.25;
P
= 0.049) were significantly higher in the M-DMGs group. Among thalamic DMGs, the min ADC, PT ADC, and nADC and nPT ADC were lower in M-DMGs while nrCBV (corrected and uncorrected) was significantly higher. Receiver operator characteristic curve analysis demonstrated that PT ADC (cut-off—1.245), nPT ADC (cut-off—1.853), and nrCBV (cut-off—1.83) were significant independent predictors of H3K27M mutational status in DMGs.
Conclusion
DWI and PWI features hold value in preoperative prediction of H3K27M-mutation status in DMGs.
•ICVT constitutes a small fraction of cerebral venous thrombosis.•Exaggerated sulcal blooming on SWI due to thrombosed vein represents SWI-cord sign.•SWI-cord sign adjacent haemorrhagic infarction ...may suggest ICVT.
Isolated cortical venous thrombosis (ICVT) is a relatively rare clinical entity with non-specific clinical presentations. Anatomical variations in cortical veins and the lack of a gold standard imaging feature make the diagnosis of ICVT challenging. Headache and seizures were the most common presentations. The Vein of Trolard followed by superficial middle cerebral vein (SMCV) were the most commonly involved. Susceptibility Weighted Imaging (SWI) cord sign was observed in 100% of the cases. CT cord sign and filling defects on contrast enhanced CT were evident in 46.7% and 10% of the cases, respectively. Notably, in the absence of filling defect visualized on contrast CT, MRI, replacement of flow void was the surrogate marker for the ICVT. A high index of clinical suspicion, a thorough understanding of neurovascular anatomy, multiparametric, multiplanar MRI protocol is required to diagnose this rare entity. A serpiginous blooming structure within the subarachnoid space identifiable in less than two contiguous sections on SWI in the vicinity of haemorrhagic infarction should alert the clinician to the imaging possibility of ICVT.
Objective
Rosette-forming glioneuronal tumours (RGNTs) are a recently described, rare, distinct nosological entity of the glioneuronal family. We describe imaging findings (CT and MRI) in seven ...patients with RGNTs.
Materials and methods
This retrospective study includes seven RGNT patients (4 male, 3 female; age range: 7-42 years; mean age: 25 years) diagnosed and treated at our institute. MR studies were performed on 3 T and 1.5-T clinical MR systems. All patients were reviewed by two experienced neuroradiologists and imaging findings were tabulated.
Results
Five tumours were located in the posterior fossa, and two were in the pineal region. One of the tumours demonstrated multiple satellite lesions, which involved the midbrain, pons, medulla as well as the cervical cord. Tumours located in the pineal region compressed the 3rd ventricle/aqueduct and extended below the tentorium cerebelli. All the tumours demonstrated enhancement, and susceptibility was evident in six of the seven patients. CSF dissemination was present in two patients.
Conclusion
RGNTs are usually solid-cystic tumours and frequently demonstrate peripheral/heterogeneous enhancement upon post-contrast study. Haemorrhage is a common feature which may not be evident on CT. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dissemination is a feature and appropriate imaging should be performed whenever an RGNT is suspected.
Key Points
•
CT and MRI findings of seven RGNT cases were retrospectively reviewed
.
•
RGNTs are predominantly posterior fossa tumours
.
•
RGNTs are typically T1 hypointense and T2 hyperintense
.
•
Haemorrhage and peripheral/heterogeneous enhancement are common features of RGNTs
.
•
CSF dissemination is a feature of RGNTs and requires appropriate imaging
.
Abstract Ethylmalonic encephalopathy is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by encephalopathy, petechiae chronic diarrhea and acrocyanosis. Imaging findings include patchy signal changes in ...the basal ganglia, periaqueductal region, subcortical white matter and cerebellum. We describe the novel finding of diffusion restriction in brain lesions, in a proven case of ethylmalonic encephalopathy.
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