The human nose has been used as a detector in gas chromatography analysis to evaluate odoriferous compounds related to aroma and quality of wine. Several olfactometric techniques are available to ...access the description, intensity, and/or duration of the odor of each compound. Olfactometry can be associated with one‐dimensional gas chromatography or multidimensional gas chromatography, including heart‐cut gas chromatography and comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography. Multidimensional gas chromatography may help to resolve coeluted compounds and detect important trace components for the aroma. The identification of odor‐active compounds may help to differentiate wines according to terroir, grapes cultivars used in winemaking or types of aging, understand the role of fungal infection of grapes for wine quality, find the best management practices in vineyard and vinification to obtain the greatest quality. In addition, when the instrumental techniques are combined with sensory analysis, even more accurate information may be obtained regarding the overall wine aroma. This review discloses the state of the art of olfactometric methods and the analytical techniques used to investigate odor‐active compounds such as one‐dimensional gas chromatography, multidimensional gas chromatography, and comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography. The advances in knowledge of wine aroma achieved with the use of these techniques in the target and profiling approaches were also discussed.
•19 °Brix was an appropriate maturation to obtain a higher number of pleasant Syrah wine volatiles.•10 days of maceration was a promising condition to produce Syrah wines with positive odor ...impact.•GC × GC/MS allowed resolving 5 and 6 co-elutions involving 10 and 12 important Syrah wine volatiles.•GC × GC/MS, GC-O & GC/MS were essential for characterizing Syrah wine volatiles and their odor impact.
The influence of different combinations of Syrah grape maturation degree (19, 21 and 23 °Brix) and maceration times (10, 20 and 30 days) on the volatile profile and aroma potential was evaluated for the first time through different chromatographic platforms (GC × GC/TOFMS, GC-O-OSME, GC-FID and GC/MS). GC × GC/TOFMS analyses resulted in 145 identified compounds and among these 29 were determined to be the most important for wine differentiation. The aroma compounds allowed the discrimination of Syrah wines made with grapes macerated for a shorter time (ten days) due to the higher levels of volatile compounds. The evaluation of these wines through GC-O-OSME together with GC-FID, MS resulted in the designation of 19 °Brix as the most appropriate grape maturation degree to obtain a greater number of volatiles with pleasant odor and higher intensity and persistence. GC × GC/TOFMS allowed five and six co-elutions to be resolved, involving, respectively, ten and twelve important wine compounds.
•Pronase and Viscozyme treatment changed the ratio of soluble to insoluble-bound phenolics.•Viscozyme was more effective than Pronase in releasing phenolic compounds.•Procyanidin dimer B was ...extracted with Viscozyme but not upon Pronase treatment.•Phenolics served as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase and lipase.•Phenolics may act in prevention and/or management of diabetes and obesity.
Phenolics in food and agricultural processing by-products exist in the soluble and insoluble-bound forms. The ability of selected enzymes in improving the extraction of insoluble-bound phenolics from the starting material (experiment I) or the residues containing insoluble-bound phenolics (experiment II) were evaluated. Pronase and Viscozyme improved the extraction of insoluble-bound phenolics as evaluated by total phenolic content, antioxidant potential as determined by ABTS and DPPH assays, and hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, reducing power as well as evaluation of inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and lipase activities. Viscozyme released higher amounts of gallic acid, catechin, and prodelphinidin dimer A compared to Pronase treatment. Furthermore, p-coumaric and caffeic acids, as well as procyanidin dimer B, were extracted with Viscozyme but not with Pronase treatment. Solubility plays an important role in the bioavailability of phenolic compounds, hence this study may assist in better exploitation of phenolics from winemaking by-products as functional food ingredients and/or supplements.
Potential ergogenic activity of grape juice in runners Toscano, Lydiane Tavares; Tavares, Renata Leite; Toscano, Luciana Tavares ...
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism,
09/2015, Volume:
40, Issue:
9
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Recent studies have indicated that certain food products have ergogenic potential similar to that of sports supplements. The present study aimed to investigate the potential ergogenic effect of ...integral purple grape juice on the performance of recreational runners. Twenty-eight volunteers of both sexes (age, 39.8 ± 8.5 years; peak oxygen consumption, 43.2 ± 8.5 mL/(kg·min)) were randomized into either a group that received grape juice (grape juice group (GJG), n = 15; 10 mL/(kg·min) for 28 days) or a group that received an isocaloric, isoglycemic, and isovolumetric control beverage (control group (CG), n = 13). A time-to-exhaustion exercise test, anaerobic threshold test, and aerobic capacity test were performed, together with assessments of markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, immune response, and muscle injury, performed at baseline and 48 h after the supplementation protocol. The GJG showed a significant increase (15.3%) in running time-to-exhaustion (p = 0.002) without significant improvements in either anaerobic threshold (3.6%; p = 0.511) or aerobic capacity (2.2%; p = 0.605). In addition, GJG exhibited significant increases in total antioxidant capacity (38.7%; p = 0.009), vitamin A (11.8%; p = 0.016), and uric acid (28.2%; p = 0.005), whereas α-1-acid glycoprotein significantly decreased (20.2%; p = 0.006) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels remained unchanged. In contrast, no significant changes occurred in any of these variables in the CG. In conclusion, supplementation with purple grape juice shows an ergogenic effect in recreational runners by promoting increased time-to-exhaustion, accompanied by increased antioxidant activity and a possible reduction in inflammatory markers.
Bioactive compounds belonging to phenolic acids, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins of grape juice and winemaking byproducts were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS n . The concentration of ...phenolic compounds in different grape cultivars was in the order Tempranillo > Cora > Syrah > Isabel. The insoluble-bound fraction was most prominent, contributing 63 and 79% to the total for Isabel and Tempranillo, respectively. Juice-processing byproducts had a higher content of free than esterified phenolics, but the opposite was noted for winemaking byproducts. Insoluble-bound phenolics were up to 15 and 10 times more effective as antioxidants than those of free and esterified fractions, respectively, as evaluated by the DPPH, ABTS, and H2O2 scavenging activities and reducing power determinations. In general, insoluble-bound phenolics (100 ppm) were more effective in inhibiting copper-induced human LDL-cholesterol oxidation than free and esterified phenolics, exhibiting equal or higher efficacy than catechin. Phenolic extracts from all fractions inhibited peroxyl radical-induced DNA strand breakage. These findings shed further light for future studies and industrial application of grape byproducts, which may focus not only on the soluble phenolics but also on the insoluble-bound fraction.
Summary
This work evaluated the influence of bioactive compounds on the sensory profile and acceptability of dark chocolate produced from Brazilian hybrid cocoa. The results showed that higher ...contents of catechin, epicatechin, caffeine, total phenolic compounds and flavonoids contributed to higher intensity of bitterness, cocoa flavour, acid taste, and astringency, and negatively affected the acceptance of chocolate samples from the TSH1188, PH16, and CEPEC2002 varieties. Other varieties SR162 and BN34 showed lower contents of caffeine and phenolic compounds, and higher concentration of theobromine, revealed notes of sweet/caramel and fruity flavour, presented a higher acceptance. This research showed the great potential of the ‘Catongo’ (SR162) and BN34 hybrids from southern Bahia (Brazil) for the production of fine cocoa. The chemical and sensory evaluations may be a strategic tool to help cocoa producers in deciding which genetic varieties should be marketed as fine cocoa, adding value to the product and highlighting promising cocoa varieties.
Relationship between bioactive compounds and descriptive sensory attributes of dark chocolate samples produced from hybrid cocoa cultivars grown in Brazil.
Edible insects are a potential alternative food source of high feed conversion efficiency and protein content. Zophobas atratus is an edible insect that adapts to different diets, enabling ...sustainable rearing by adding value to by-products and agro-industrial residues. This study aimed to evaluate the performance and nutritional characterization of Zophobas atratus larvae fed with different proportions of grape residue. Physicochemical analysis of the diets and larvae (AOAC procedures), fatty acid profile (chromatographic techniques), metals and non-metals (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry), larval mass gain, feed conversion efficiency, and mortality rate were assessed. The replacement of 25% of the conventional diet with grape residue increased lipid, ash, and fiber contents and reduced protein, carbohydrates, and energy. It promoted greater mass gain, lower mortality rate, and reduced larval growth time by 51%. Among the replacements, 25% resulted in the second-highest content of calcium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc, and the lowest content of potassium and phosphorus in the larvae. The 100% replacement resulted in the highest amounts of C18:2n6 (27.8%), C18:3n3 (2.2%), and PUFA (30.0%). Replacing 25% of the conventional diet with grape residue is equivalent to the conventional diet in many aspects and improves several larvae performance indices and nutritional values.
•The effects of grape juice consumption in individuals under intense exercise were studied.•Catechin, isoquercetin, and procyanidin B1 were the major compounds in grape juice.•Plasma antioxidant ...activity and HDL-cholesterol increased after grape juice intake.•LDL-cholesterol and systolic blood pressure decreased after grape juice consumption.•Grape juice consumption may render additional benefits for healthy adults who exercise regularly.
Phenolic compounds have generated considerable interest in the scientific community and the media. Much of this interest is due to the properties ascribed to several phenolic compounds for prevention of cancer, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Grape juice made from cultivars Isabel, Bordeaux and Concord, was characterized in this work. Subsequently, twenty-eight healthy adults were randomly assigned to a group that consumed grape juice (GJG=15; 25–54years old) and a group that consumed a control beverage (CG=13; 20–53years old). The groups were evaluated for their nutritional status, blood pressure, and blood collection for analysis of total antioxidant capacity, nitrite, glucose and lipid profile, upon receiving supplementation (10m/kg/day) for 28days and reevaluated at the end. The results suggest that purple grape juice had a great potential as an antioxidant source in improving antioxidant status and cardiometabolic profile of healthy adults under intense physical exercise.
Jabuticaba is a Brazilian berry known for its therapeutic potential against cancer, obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and others. It is a natural source of bioactive compounds, leading to better ...glucose metabolism, and attenuating obesity and IR through the reduction of pro-inflammatory status. The present study aimed to observe the prebiotic effect of freeze-dried jabuticaba peel (J) consumption on gut bacteria profile and describe its effects on IR derived from the lipopolysaccharides/Toll-like receptor-4 inflammatory pathway. Jabuticaba peel was chemically characterized, and its bioactive compounds were quantified. Twenty-four C57BL/6 mice were feed with a control diet (n = 6), control diet + J (n = 6), high-fat diet (HF) (n = 6), and HF + J (n = 6) for thirteen weeks. Gut bacteriota (16s RNA sequencing), glucose metabolism (fasting glucose and insulin, OGTT, ITT, HOMA-IR, and β, QUICKI), and inflammatory status (serum lipopolysaccharide, and protein expression) were assessed. The main bioactive compounds found in J were dietary fiber, and anthocyanins, and its consumption along with a healthy diet reduced the abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota phyla (p < 0.01), increased the Muribaculaceae and Lachnospiraceae families, and Faecalicatena genus (p < 0.05). The correlation test indicates a negative correlation between the Muribaculaceae and glucose metabolism. Jabuticaba peel is a nutritive source of bioactive compounds with prebiotic effects.
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•Jabuticaba peel is a natural source of bioactive compounds with high anti-oxidant power.•Jabuticaba peel in a healthy diet intake can modulate the gut bacteriota and increase short-chain fatty acids production.•The consumption of freeze-dried jabuticaba peel does not alter the glucose metabolism via LPS-TLR4 pathway.
The present study investigated the bioaccessibility of minerals, bioactive compounds, and sensory acceptance of isotonic beverages formulated with Ricotta cheese whey (RCW) and passion fruit cv. BRS ...Sertão Forte. Three formulations were developed: I1 with 50% RCW and 5% passion fruit pulp, I2 with 50% RCW and 8.5% pulp, and I3 with 30% RCW and 12% pulp. I3 showed higher ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity, exhibited the highest scores in the consumer test, and maintained its physicochemical stability and microbiological safety during the storage at 7 °C for 56 days. (−)-Epicatechin gallate, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, and
cis
-resveratrol were the main phenolic compounds quantified in the isotonic beverages. I1 and I3 exhibited high bioaccessibility of the minerals K, Na, and Mg (37–70%) compared to I2, which showed bioaccessibility between 31 and 40%. The beverages developed are innovative alternatives for the market of supplements for athletes, combining the use of a dairy industry by-product and a new variety of passion fruit to date little-explored economically.
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