Guatemala's Catholic Revolution is an account of the resurgence of Guatemalan Catholicism during the twentieth century. By the late 1960s, an increasing number of Mayan peasants had emerged as ...religious and social leaders in rural Guatemala. They assumed central roles within the Catholic Church: teaching the catechism, preaching the Gospel, and promoting Church-directed social projects. Influenced by their daily religious and social realities, the development initiatives of the Cold War, and the Second Vatican Council (1962–65), they became part of Latin America's burgeoning progressive Catholic spirit. Hernández Sandoval examines the origins of this progressive trajectory in his fascinating new book. After researching previously untapped church archives in Guatemala and Vatican City, as well as mission records found in the United States, Hernández Sandoval analyzes popular visions of the Church, the interaction between indigenous Mayan communities and clerics, and the connection between religious and socioeconomic change. Beginning in the 1920s and 1930s, the Guatemalan Catholic Church began to resurface as an institutional force after being greatly diminished by the anticlerical reforms of the nineteenth century. This revival, fueled by papal power, an increase in church-sponsored lay organizations, and the immigration of missionaries from the United States, prompted seismic changes within the rural church by the 1950s. The projects begun and developed by the missionaries with the support of Mayan parishioners, originally meant to expand sacramentalism, eventually became part of a national and international program of development that uplifted underdeveloped rural communities. Thus, by the end of the 1960s, these rural Catholic communities had become part of a "Catholic revolution, " a reformist, or progressive, trajectory whose proponents promoted rural development and the formation of a new generation of Mayan community leaders. This book will be of special interest to scholars of transnational Catholicism, popular religion, and religion and society during the Cold War in Latin America.
The NLRP3 inflammasome complex is responsible for maturation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β. Mutations in NLRP3 are responsible for the cryopyrinopathies, a spectrum of conditions including ...neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID). While excessive production of IL-1β and systemic inflammation are common to all cryopyrinopathy disorders, skeletal abnormalities, prominently in the knees, and low bone mass are unique features of patients with NOMID. To gain insights into the mechanisms underlying skeletal abnormalities in NOMID, we generated knock-in mice globally expressing the D301N NLRP3 mutation (ortholog of D303N in human NLRP3). NOMID mice exhibit neutrophilia in blood and many tissues, including knee joints, and high levels of serum inflammatory mediators. They also exhibit growth retardation and severe postnatal osteopenia stemming at least in part from abnormally accelerated bone resorption, attended by increased osteoclastogenesis. Histologic analysis of knee joints revealed abnormal growth plates, with loss of chondrocytes and growth arrest in the central region of the epiphyses. Most strikingly, a tissue "spike" was observed in the mid-region of the growth plate in the long bones of all NOMID mice that may be the precursor to more severe deformations analogous to those observed in NOMID patients. These findings provide direct evidence linking a NOMID-associated NLRP3-activating mutation to abnormalities of postnatal skeletal growth and bone remodeling.
Activating‐mutations in NOD‐like receptor (NLR) family, pyrin domain‐containing 3 (NLRP3) cause neonatal‐onset multisystem inflammatory disease. However, the ontogeny of skeletal anomalies in this ...disorder is poorly understood. Mice globally expressing the D301N mutation in Nlrp3 (D303N in human) model the human phenotype, including systemic inflammation and skeletal deformities. To gain insights into the skeletal manifestations, we generated mice in which the expression of D301N Nlrp3 (Nlrp3D301N) is restricted to myeloid cells. These mice exhibit systemic inflammation and severe osteopenia (~60% lower bone mass) similar to mice globally expressing the knock‐in mutation, consistent with the paradigm of innate immune‐driven cryopyrinopathies. Because systemic inflammation may indirectly affect bone homeostasis, we engineered mice in which Nlrp3D301N is expressed specifically in osteoclasts, the cells that resorb bone. These mice also develop ~50% lower bone mass due to increased osteolysis, but there is no systemic inflammation and no change in osteoclast number. Mechanistically, aside from its role in IL‐1β maturation, Nlrp3D301N expression enhances osteoclast bone resorbing ability through reorganization of actin cytoskeleton while promoting the degradation of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1, an inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis. Thus, NLRP3 inflammasome activation is not restricted to the production of proinflammatory mediators but also leads to cytokine‐autonomous responses.—Qu, C., Bonar, S. L., Hickman‐Brecks, C. L., Abu‐Amer, S., McGeough, M. D., Peña, C. A., Broderick, L., Yang, C., Grimston, S., K., Kading, J., Abu‐Amer, Y., Novack, D. V., Hoffman, H. M., Civitelli, R., Mbalaviele, G. NLRP3 mediates osteolysis through inflammation‐dependent and ‐independent mechanisms. FASEB J. 29, 1269‐1279 (2015). www.fasebj.org
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling condition, often associated with a chronic course. Given its role in attentional control, decision-making, and emotional regulation, the anterior ...cingulate cortex is considered to have a key role in the pathophysiology of the disorder. Notably, the cingulum bundle, being the major white matter tract connecting to this region, has been historically a target for the surgical treatment of intractable OCD. In this study, we aimed to identify the extent to which focal-more than diffuse-abnormalities in fiber collinearity of the cingulum bundle could distinguish 48 adults with OCD (mean age SD = 23.3 4.5 years; F/M = 30/18) from 45 age- and sex-matched healthy control adults (CONT; mean age SD = 23.2 3.8 years; F/M = 28/17) and further examine if these abnormalities correlated with symptom severity. Use of tract-profiles rather than a conventional diffusion imaging approach allowed us to characterize white matter microstructural properties along (100 segments), as opposed to averaging these measures across, the entire tract. To account for these 100 different segments of the cingulum bundle, a repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a main effect of group (OCD < CONT; F
= 5.3; P = 0.024) upon fractional anisotropy (FA, a measure of fiber collinearity and/or white matter integrity), in the cingulum bundle, bilaterally. Further analyses revealed that these abnormalities were focal (middle portion) within the left and right cingulum bundle, although did not correlate with symptom severity in OCD. Findings indicate that focal abnormalities in connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and other prefrontal cortical regions may represent neural mechanisms of OCD.
Evidence implicates ARTD1 in cell differentiation, but its role in skeletal metabolism remains unknown. Osteoclasts (OC), the bone-resorbing cells, differentiate from macrophages under the influence ...of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor-activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). We found that M-CSF induced ADP-ribosyltransferase diphtheria toxin-like 1 (ARTD1) auto-ADP-ribosylation in macrophages, a modification that marked ARTD1 for cleavage, and subsequently, for degradation upon RANKL exposure. We established that ARTD1 proteolysis was NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent, and occurred via the proteasome pathway. Since ARTD1 is cleaved at aspartate(214), we studied the impact of ARTD1 rendered uncleavable by D214N substitution (ARTD1(D214N)) on skeletal homeostasis. ARTD1(D214N), unlike wild-type ARTD1, was resistant to cleavage and degradation during osteoclastogenesis. As a result, ARTD1(D214N) altered histone modification and promoted the abundance of the repressors of osteoclastogenesis by interfering with the expression of B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp1), the master regulator of anti-osteoclastogenic transcription factors. Importantly, ARTD1(D214N)-expressing mice exhibited higher bone mass compared with controls, owing to decreased osteoclastogenesis while bone formation was unaffected. Thus, unless it is degraded, ARTD1 represses OC development through transcriptional regulation.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is highly heritable. Thus, studies in first-degree relatives of individuals with BD could lead to the discovery of objective risk markers of BD. Abnormalities in white matter ...structure reported in at-risk individuals could play an important role in the pathophysiology of BD. Due to the lack of studies with other at-risk offspring, however, it remains unclear whether such abnormalities reflect BD-specific or generic risk markers for future psychopathology. Using a tract-profile approach, we examined 18 major white matter tracts in 38 offspring of BD parents, 36 offspring of comparison parents with non-BD psychopathology (depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), and 41 offspring of healthy parents. Both at-risk groups showed significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in left-sided tracts (cingulum, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, forceps minor), and significantly greater FA in right-sided tracts (uncinate fasciculus and inferior longitudinal fasciculus), relative to offspring of healthy parents (P < 0.05). These abnormalities were present in both healthy and affected youth in at-risk groups. Only offspring (particularly healthy offspring) of BD parents showed lower FA in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus relative to healthy offspring of healthy parents (P < 0.05). We show, for the first time, important similarities, and some differences, in white matter structure between offspring of BD and offspring of non-BD parents. Findings suggest that lower left-sided and higher right-sided FA in tracts important for emotional regulation may represent markers of risk for general, rather than BD-specific, psychopathology. Lower FA in the right superior longitudinal fasciculus may protect against development of BD in offspring of BD parents.
Identifying youth who may engage in future substance use could facilitate early identification of substance use disorder vulnerability. We aimed to identify biomarkers that predicted future substance ...use in psychiatrically un-well youth.
LASSO regression for variable selection was used to predict substance use 24.3 months after neuroimaging assessment in 73 behaviorally and emotionally dysregulated youth aged 13.9 (s.d. = 2.0) years, 30 female, from three clinical sites in the Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms (LAMS) study. Predictor variables included neural activity during a reward task, cortical thickness, and clinical and demographic variables.
Future substance use was associated with higher left middle prefrontal cortex activity, lower left ventral anterior insula activity, thicker caudal anterior cingulate cortex, higher depression and lower mania scores, not using antipsychotic medication, more parental stress, older age. This combination of variables explained 60.4% of the variance in future substance use, and accurately classified 83.6%.
These variables explained a large proportion of the variance, were useful classifiers of future substance use, and showed the value of combining multiple domains to provide a comprehensive understanding of substance use development. This may be a step toward identifying neural measures that can identify future substance use disorder risk, and act as targets for therapeutic interventions.
Offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (BD) (BO) are at higher risk of BD than offspring of parents with non-BD psychopathology (NBO), although both groups are at higher risk than offspring of ...psychiatrically healthy parents (HC) for other affective and psychiatric disorders. Abnormal functioning in reward circuitry has been demonstrated previously in individuals with BD. We aimed to determine whether activation and functional connectivity in this circuitry during risky decision-making differentiated BO, NBO and HC.
BO (n = 29; mean age = 13.8 years; 14 female), NBO (n = 28; mean age = 13.9 years; 12 female) and HC (n = 23; mean age = 13.7 years; 11 female) were scanned while performing a number-guessing reward task. Of the participants, 11 BO and 12 NBO had current non-BD psychopathology; five BO and four NBO were taking psychotropic medications.
A 3 (group) × 2 (conditions: win-control/loss-control) analysis of variance revealed a main effect of group on right frontal pole activation: BO showed significantly greater activation than HC. There was a significant main effect of group on functional connectivity between the bilateral ventral striatum and the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (Z > 3.09, cluster-p < 0.05): BO showed significantly greater negative functional connectivity than other participants. These between-group differences remained after removing youth with psychiatric disorders and psychotropic medications from analyses.
This is the first study to demonstrate that reward circuitry activation and functional connectivity distinguish BO from NBO and HC. The fact that the pattern of findings remained when comparing healthy BO v. healthy NBO v. HC suggests that these neuroimaging measures may represent trait-level neurobiological markers conferring either risk for, or protection against, BD in youth.
Psychiatric disorders in youths with IDDM: rates and risk factors.
M Kovacs ,
D Goldston ,
D S Obrosky and
L K Bonar
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, ...Pennsylvania, USA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine prevalence rates, associated features and risk factors for psychiatric disorders subsequent to the
diagnosis of IDDM in youths. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Using a longitudinal, naturalistic design, 92 youths from 8 to 13
years old at onset of IDDM were followed from their initial diagnosis. They were repeatedly assessed by semistructured interview
and diagnosed by operational criteria. RESULTS: By the 10th year of IDDM and the mean age of 20 years, an estimated 47.6%
of the sample developed psychiatric disorder. Major depressive, conduct, and generalized anxiety disorders were the most prevalent,
and major depression had a significantly higher estimated rate (27.5%) than each other disorder. The highest incidence rates
were during the 1st year of the medical condition. Initial maternal psychopathology increased the risk of psychiatric disorder
in the subjects, and maternal depression was a specific risk factor for depression in the subjects. Earlier psychiatric disorder
in the subjects also increased the risk of later disorder. CONCLUSIONS: The results converge with findings from other studies,
suggesting elevated psychiatric morbidity in contemporary samples of young people with IDDM. The morbidity partly reflects
the high incidence of major depression in adolescence and generalized anxiety disorder in young adulthood. Monitoring the
psychological status of young patients and their mothers may help to identify diabetic children at risk for psychiatric disorder
and facilitate prevention or treatment efforts. Monitoring may be particularly beneficial during the 1st year of the IDDM.
The status of Catholicism in Guatemala is truly deplorable,” remarked one Vatican diplomat as he gathered information about the Catholic Church in Guatemala in the 1920s. Its sorry condition, another ...papal representative contended, originated from the Liberal reform of the 1870s.
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