The objective of the paper is to develop an automated method that enables for the recognition and semantic interpretation of topological building structures. The novelty of the proposed modeling ...approach is an unambiguous decomposition of complex objects into predefined simple parametric structures, resulting in the reconstruction of one topological unit without independent overlapping elements. The aim of a data processing chain is to generate complete polyhedral models at LOD2 with an explicit topological structure and semantic information. The algorithms are performed on 3D point clouds acquired by airborne laser scanning. The presented methodology combines data-based information reflected in an attributed roof topology graph with common knowledge about buildings stored in a library of elementary structures. In order to achieve an appropriate balance between reconstruction precision and visualization aspects, the implemented library contains a set of structure-depended soft modeling rules instead of strictly defined geometric primitives. The proposed modeling algorithm starts with roof plane extraction performed by the segmentation of building point clouds, followed by topology identification and recognition of predefined structures. We evaluate the performance of the novel procedure by the analysis of the modeling accuracy and the degree of modeling detail. The assessment according to the validation methods standardized by the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing shows that the completeness of the algorithm is above 80%, whereas the correctness exceeds 98%.
Abstract After priming with two intramuscular doses of MF59® -adjuvanted (Sub/MF59) or split influenza vaccines during the 2006/07 season, 89 healthy children received a third booster dose of the ...respective vaccine (2007/08 Northern Hemisphere formulation) approximately 1 year later, and were followed up for 6 months post-third injection. Immunogenicity was evaluated on 81 of them by a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay before and 3 weeks after vaccination. The Sub/MF59 influenza vaccine was safe and well tolerated following the booster vaccination. Pre-booster HI antibody titers were consistently higher in the Sub/MF59 group than in the comparator group, confirming significantly longer persistence of antibodies after priming with Sub/MF59 vaccine. Post-booster immune responses were significantly higher in the Sub/MF59 group compared with the split group, especially vs. the influenza B strain, which is epidemiologically relevant in the pediatric population. Altogether, these data further support the potential use of MF59® -adjuvanted influenza vaccine as a safe and highly immunogenic influenza vaccine for young children.
Underground mining causes terrain surface deformations that lead to various threats to the environment and people, thus a systematic deformation monitoring needs to be performed. This monitoring ...mainly focuses only on the vertical part of the deformation and remote sensing techniques are currently very often used for this purpose. The development of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) open new possibilities in this context. Most commonly, the mapping UASs are equipped with RGB cameras but also other lightweight sensors are utilized. In this work, the usefulness of UAS photogrammetry and LiDAR data is investigated in the context of detection and measurement of terrain deformations caused by underground mining. The accuracy of the methods was compared in reference to TLS data. The UAS and TLS measurements were performed in 2018 and 2019 but the subsidence was also evaluated in regards to ALS data acquired in 2011. The standard methodology based on Digital Terrain Models of Difference (DoDs) was applied to detect the subsidence. The DoD analysis was restricted to the hard surfaces. The profiles along the roads were also analysed to validate the accuracy of the data. The analysis showed that the UAS photogrammetry enables to obtain less noisy data and more accurate results of the terrain subsidence measurement than the UAS LiDAR sensors. The comparison of the DoDs showed about 33 cm subsidence between 2011 and 2018, which gives a subsidence rate of about 5 cm/year. The observed subsidence between years 2018 and 2019 was equal to about 5 to 15 cm depending on the measurement technique and investigated area.
Underground coal exploitation has its reflection in ground movements such as subsidence, sinking or shaking. These cause buildings and infrastructure damage, therefore it is important to measure the ...magnitude of deformation. Last decades, Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) captured considerable attention as a tool for deformation monitoring. The results of conventional DInSAR, which utilizes two SAR images, are degraded due to atmospheric, topographic and orbital errors. To overcome these limitations, various stacking-based methods have been introduced. Therefore, the goal of presented study is to compare Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) as stacking-based method with classical DInSAR for monitoring of subsidence caused by underground coal exploitation. Deformations in the areas of active mining exploitation are characterised typically by rapid non-linear movement. The comparison has been performed for the area of active exploitation in Rydułtowy mine located in Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in Poland. Results from two separate PSI and DInSAR processing portray similar deformation pattern over the study area. Unfortunately, due to the temporal decorrelation, PSI clearly demonstrate smaller information coverage in respect to DInSAR results. Additionally, due to the applied linear deformation model, PSI failed in displacement estimation with magnitude higher than 12 cm. In contrast, DInSAR thanks 6-day temporal baseline and no assumption for a deformation model, was able to capture the maximum magnitude of subsidence reaching 86 cm/year. However, these results are affected by atmospheric artefacts which in presented case study can reach even 14 cm/year. To achieve few cm level of accuracy and to estimate high deformation magnitude such as in presented study case (1m/year), integrated use of both InSAR techniques seems to be the reasonable solution.
Three magnesium based metal–organic frameworks, Mg3(3,5-PDC)3(DMF)3·DMF 1, Mg(3,5-PDC)(H2O)·(H2O) 3, and Mg4(3,5-PDC)4(DMF)2(H2O)2·2DMF·4.5H2O 4, and a 2-D coordination polymer, Mg(3,5-PDC)(H2O)2 2 ...PDC = pyridinedicarboxylate, were synthesized using a combination of DMF, methanol, ethanol, and water. Compound 1 space group P21/n, a = 12.3475(5) Å, b = 11.1929(5) Å, c = 28.6734(12) Å, β = 98.8160(10)°, V = 3916.0(3) Å3 consists of a combination of isolated and corner-sharing magnesium octahedra connected by the organic linkers to form a 3-D network with a 12.2 Å × 4.6 Å 1-D channel. The channel contains coordinated and free DMF molecules. In compound 2 space group C2/c, a = 9.964(5) Å, b = 12.0694(6) Å, c = 7.2763(4) Å, β = 106.4970(6)°, V = 836.70(6) Å3, PDC connects isolated seven coordinated magnesium polyhedra into a layered structure. Compound 3 space group P6122, a = 11.479(1) Å, c = 14.735(3) Å, V = 1681.7(4) Å3 (previously reported) contains isolated magnesium octahedra connected by the organic linker with each other forming a 3D network. Compound 4 space group P21/c, a = 13.7442(14) Å, b = 14.2887(15) Å, c = 14.1178(14) Å, β = 104.912(2)°, V = 2679.2(5) Å3 also exhibits a 3D network based on isolated magnesium octahedra with square cavities containing both disordered DMF and water molecules. The structural topologies originate due to the variable coordination ability of solvent molecules with the metal center. Water molecules coordinate with the magnesium metal centers preferably over other polar solvents (DMF, methanol, ethanol) used to synthesize the coordination networks. Despite testing multiple desolvation routes, we were unable to measure BET surface areas greater than 51.9 m2/g for compound 1.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of selected herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs), which exhibit high efficacy in terms of weed control and low toxicity, but may be persistent due to ...limited biodegradability, on the community structure of autochthonic bacteria present in agricultural soil. Four different oligomeric HILs (with two types of cations and different ratio of herbicidal anions) were synthesized and characterized by employing 1H and 13C NMR. The results of biodegradation assay indicated that none of the tested HILs could be classified as readily biodegradable (biodegradation rate ranged from 0 to 7%). The conducted field studies confirmed that the herbicidal efficacy of the HILs was higher compared to the reference herbicide mixture by 10 to 30%, depending on the dose and weed species. After termination of field studies, the soil treated with the tested HILs was subjected to next generation sequencing in order to investigate the potential changes in the bacterial community structure. Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in all studied samples. Treatment with the studied HILs resulted in an increase of Actinobacteria compared to the reference herbicidal mixture. Differenced among the studied HILs were generally associated with a significantly higher abundance of Bacteroidetes in case of 1-HIL-Dicamba 1/3 and Firmicutes in case of 2-HIL-Dicamba 1/3.
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•Impact of herbicidal ionic liquids on bacterial community structure was studied.•Oligomeric herbicidal ionic liquids were effective but not readily biodegradable.•Next generation sequencing was used to evaluate shifts in bacterial abundance.•Treatment during field trials resulted in changes at class and species level.•Use of herbicidal ionic liquids affects the structure of autochthonic soil bacteria.
Mining-induced deformations are characterized by high deformation rates. These deformations consist of both vertical and horizontal components, which should not be neglected during the monitoring of ...such areas. Unfortunately, Differential Satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) can only measure deformations in the line of sight (LOS) direction towards the satellite. Combining data from ascending and descending geometry allows reconstruction of the vertical and east-west deformation components. Theoretically, at least information from one ascending and one descending geometry is enough to reconstruct the vertical and east-west deformation components; however, for the area of interest three various Sentinel-1 datasets (one ascending and two descending) are available and have been used in the study. Furthermore, considering the availability of other SAR missions with slightly different geometries, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ALOS-2 use on the accuracy of estimating the east-west and vertical cumulative deformation component estimated for a time span of approximately one year. Unfortunately, we have access to only five ALOS-2 scenes within the area of interest. However, the comparison of the decomposed results with GNSS measurements shows that the application of additional ALOS-2 data, even five scenes, allows the root mean square error (RMSE) to be decreased for the vertical and horizontal deformation component from 0.038m to 0.032m and from 0.031m to 0.018m, respectively. This means that the application of ALOS-2 data has a positive value on the accuracy of decomposed vertical and horizontal deformation components.
Two lithium-based metal−organic frameworks, Li2(C14H8O4) Li2(4,4′-BPDC) 1; ULMOF-2, UL = ultralight; BPDC = biphenyldicarboxylate; space group P21/c, a = 12.758(2) Å, b = 5.142(4) Å, c = 8.00(2) Å, β ...= 97.23°, V = 520.6(14) Å3 and Li2(C14H8O6S) Li2(4,4′-SDB) 2; ULMOF-3, UL = ultralight; SDB = sulfonyldibenzoate, space group P21/n, a = 5.5480(11) Å, b = 23.450(5) Å, c = 10.320(2) Å, β = 96.47(3)°, V = 1334.1(5) Å3, were synthesized. Compounds 1 and 2 were synthesized by solvothermal methods and were characterized using single crystal X-ray diffraction. Structure 1 consists of layers of two-dimensional antifluorite related LiO motif connected by BPDC linkers, whereas structure 2 is constructed by a combination of tetrameric lithium polyhedral clusters connected by the sulfonyldibenzoate linker. The frameworks are stable up to 575 and 500 °C, respectively, under N2 atmosphere.
•A statistical method for determining the numbers of T. piniperda has been developed.•It can explain approximately 90% of the variation in the number of galleries in natural traps.•It is non-invasive ...and effective irrespective of the population density.•It may be used in nature reserves and in conservation-oriented forestry.
To establish the contribution of eight founder alleles in three DNA damage repair genes (BRCA1, CHEK2 and NBS1) to prostate cancer in Poland, and to measure the impact of these variants on survival ...among patients.
Three thousand seven hundred fifty men with prostate cancer and 3956 cancer-free controls were genotyped for three founder alleles in BRCA1 (5382insC, 4153delA, C61G), four alleles in CHEK2 (1100delC, IVS2+1G>A, del5395, I157T), and one allele in NBS1 (657del5).
The NBS1 mutation was detected in 53 of 3750 unselected cases compared with 23 of 3956 (0.6%) controls (odds ratio (OR)=2.5; P=0.0003). A CHEK2 mutation was seen in 383 (10.2%) unselected cases and in 228 (5.8%) controls (OR=1.9; P<0.0001). Mutation of BRCA1 (three mutations combined) was not associated with the risk of prostate cancer (OR=0.9; P=0.8). In a subgroup analysis, the 4153delA mutation was associated with early-onset (age ≤ 60 years) prostate cancer (OR=20.3, P=0.004). The mean follow-up was 54 months. Mortality was significantly worse for carriers of a NBS1 mutation than for non-carriers (HR=1.85; P=0.008). The 5-year survival for men with an NBS1 mutation was 49%, compared with 72% for mutation-negative cases.
A mutation in NBS1 predisposes to aggressive prostate cancer. These data are relevant to the prospect of adapting personalised medicine to prostate cancer prevention and treatment.
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