Navigating our physical environment requires changing directions and turning. Despite its ecological importance, we do not have a unified theoretical account of non-straight-line human movement. ...Here, we present a unified optimality criterion that predicts disparate non-straight-line walking phenomena, with straight-line walking as a special case. We first characterized the metabolic cost of turning, deriving the cost landscape as a function of turning radius and rate. We then generalized this cost landscape to arbitrarily complex trajectories, allowing the velocity direction to deviate from body orientation (holonomic walking). We used this generalized optimality criterion to mathematically predict movement patterns in multiple contexts of varying complexity: walking on prescribed paths, turning in place, navigating an angled corridor, navigating freely with end-point constraints, walking through doors, and navigating around obstacles. In these tasks, humans moved at speeds and paths predicted by our optimality criterion, slowing down to turn and never using sharp turns. We show that the shortest path between two points is, counterintuitively, often not energy-optimal, and, indeed, humans do not use the shortest path in such cases. Thus, we have obtained a unified theoretical account that predicts human walking paths and speeds in diverse contexts. Our model focuses on walking in healthy adults; future work could generalize this model to other human populations, other animals, and other locomotor tasks.
The present study examined the mediating role of pleasure in parenting in the link between fathers' attachment representations and paternal sensitivity among 138 father-infant dyads from a rural part ...of the southeastern United States. First-time fathers' attachment representations were assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) prenatally. Pleasure in parenting-a multidimensional construct assessing positive attitudes and beliefs toward the parenting role-was coded from fathers' interviews at 3 months. Paternal sensitivity was coded from father-infant play interactions at 12 months. Results indicated that fathers with secure-autonomous adult attachment representations showed more pleasure in parenting. In turn, fathers who took more pleasure in parenting also interacted more sensitively during father-infant interactions. Moreover, although the direct association between fathers' attachment representations and sensitivity was nonsignificant, the indirect effect from secure-autonomous representations to sensitivity via pleasure in parenting was significant. Findings suggest that first-time fathers' parenting attitudes may play a role in transmitting representations of early caregiving experiences to sensitive interactions with their own infants.
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To reach a greater understanding of the early father−child attachment relationship, this study examined concurrent and longitudinal associations among father involvement, paternal sensitivity, and ...father−child attachment security at 13 months and 3 years of age. Analyses revealed few associations among these variables at 13 months of age, but involvement and sensitivity independently predicted father−child attachment security at age 3. Moreover, sensitivity moderated the association between involvement and attachment security at 3 years. Specifically, involvement was unrelated to attachment security when fathers were highly sensitive, but positively related to attachment security when fathers were relatively less sensitive. Father involvement was also moderately stable across the two time points, but paternal sensitivity was not. Furthermore, there was significant stability in father−child attachment security from 13 months to 3 years. Secure attachment at 13 months also predicted greater levels of paternal sensitivity at 3 years, with sensitivity at age 3 mediating the association between 13 month and 3 year attachment security. In sum, a secure father−child attachment relationship (a) was related to both quantity and quality of fathering behavior, (b) remained relatively stable across early childhood, and (c) predicted increased paternal sensitivity over time. These findings further our understanding of the correlates of early father−child attachment, and underscore the need to consider multiple domains of fathers' parenting and reciprocal relations between fathering behavior and father−child attachment security.
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Father involvement contributes uniquely to children's developmental outcomes. The antecedents of father involvement among unmarried, African American fathers from rural areas, however, have been ...largely overlooked. The present study tested a conceptual model linking retrospective reports of childhood trauma and early adulthood social instability to father involvement among unmarried, African American men living in resource-poor, rural communities in the southeastern United States. We hypothesized these factors would influence father involvement indirectly, via DNA methylation of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR). A sample of 192 fathers participated in 3 waves of data collection in early adulthood. Fathers reported on social instability at Wave 1; OXTR methylation was assessed via saliva samples at Wave 2; and measures of father involvement, retrospective childhood trauma, and quality of the fathers' relationships with their children's mothers were collected at Wave 3. Structural equation modeling indicated that childhood trauma was related directly to reduced levels of father involvement and to increased social instability. Social instability was associated with elevated levels of OXTR methylation, which in turn predicted decreased father involvement. The indirect effect from social instability to father involvement via OXTR methylation was significant. These associations did not operate through fathers' relationship with the child's mother and remained significant even accounting for associations between interparental relationship quality and father involvement. Findings suggest that OXTR methylation might be a biological mechanism linking social instability to father involvement among unmarried, African American fathers in vulnerable contexts and underscore the detrimental influence of childhood trauma on father involvement.
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The current study examined the associations between narrative coherence, the 5Cs of positive youth development, and cultural self-construals among 91 Turkish emerging adults (48 females, 42 males, ...and 1 other) aged between 18 and 29 (Mage = 23.01, SD = .52). Emerging adults partook in a life story interview to share three important narratives involving parental interactions that were assessed for causal and thematic coherence. Participants also self-reported on their positive development (competence, confidence, character, caring, and connection) and cultural self-construals (autonomy, relatedness, and autonomy relatedness). Results of path analysis revealed that high causal coherence in narratives was associated with lower levels of competence, confidence, and connection, whereas high thematic coherence was linked to higher levels of competence, confidence, and connection. Further, we examined the role of cultural self-construals in moderating the link between narrative coherence and the 5Cs. Thematic coherence was related to decreased caring when autonomy was high and relatedness was low. Thematic coherence was also related to increased connection only when autonomy was low and relatedness was high. Moreover, causal coherence was related to decreased caring and connection for emerging adults with highly autonomous self-construals. Similarly, causal coherence was associated with lower levels of confidence for emerging adults with high autonomous-related self-construals. Implications for research with Turkish emerging adults are discussed.
Efficient conversation is guided by the mutual knowledge, or common ground, that interlocutors form as a conversation progresses. Characterized from the perspective of commonly used measures of ...memory, efficient conversation should be closely associated with item memory—what was said—and context memory—who said what to whom. However, few studies have explicitly probed memory to evaluate what type of information is maintained following a communicative exchange. The current study examined how item and context memory relate to the development of common ground over the course of a conversation, and how these forms of memory vary as a function of one’s role in a conversation as speaker or listener. The process of developing common ground was positively related to both item and context memory. In addition, content that was spoken was remembered better than content that was heard. Our findings illustrate how memory assessments can complement language measures by revealing the impact that basic conversational processes have on memory for what has been discussed. By taking this approach, we show that not only does the process of forming common ground facilitate communication in the present, but it also promotes an enduring record of that event, facilitating conversation into the future.
Prior research into the factors which contribute to religious development in adolescence has primarily focused on either societal or familial forces. The current study seeks to illuminate the role ...played by more mid-ranged, faith-based structures such as religious congregations and the faith traditions in which they operate. Using hierarchical linear modeling and a multi-dimensional approach to adolescent religiosity, the current study provides evidence that religious communities (both at the local and institutional level) play an important role in religious development from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Specifically, findings indicate that while parental transmission efforts significantly predict subsequent religiosity in every dimension, engagement with a religious congregation also predicts future levels of external religious practice, religious exclusivity, and belief in the supernatural. Furthermore, affiliation with a faith tradition that more highly prioritizes youth integration predicts future levels of personal religious practice. Implications for religion researchers, parents, and religious communities are discussed.
Acquired resistance to endocrine therapy remains a significant clinical burden for breast cancer patients. Somatic mutations in the
(estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)) gene ligand-binding domain (LBD) ...represent a recognized mechanism of acquired resistance. Antiestrogens with improved efficacy versus tamoxifen might overcome the resistant phenotype in ER +breast cancers. Bazedoxifene (BZA) is a potent antiestrogen that is clinically approved for use in hormone replacement therapies. We found that BZA possesses improved inhibitory potency against the Y537S and D538G ERα mutants compared to tamoxifen and has additional inhibitory activity in combination with the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib. In addition, comprehensive biophysical and structural biology studies show BZA's selective estrogen receptor degrading (SERD) properties that override the stabilizing effects of the Y537S and D538G ERα mutations.
This study examined the intergenerational transmission of fathering among young, African American fathers in rural communities. A sample of 132 African American young men living in the rural South ...reported on the quality of their relationship with their biological and social fathers in the family of origin, their own involvement with their young children, and relational schemas of close, intimate relationships. Results of path analyses supported the hypothesized mediational model, such that a better relationship with one's biological (but not social) father predicted increased father involvement in the next generation, and this association was partially mediated through positive relational schema after controlling for a range of covariates. Tests of moderated mediation indicated that the link between relational schema and father involvement was significantly stronger among fathers of girls than fathers of boys. Findings highlight the unique influence of close, nurturing father–child relationships for downstream father involvement, and the role of relational schemas as a mechanism for intergenerational transmission among young, rural, African American fathers of girls.
En este estudio se analizó la transmisión intergeneracional del comportamiento de crianza entre padres afroamericanos jóvenes en comunidades rurales. Una muestra de 132 hombres jóvenes afroamericanos que viven en el sur rural informaron sobre la calidad de su relación con sus padres biológicos y sociales en la familia de origen, su propia implicación con sus hijos pequeños, y los esquemas relacionales de las relaciones estrechas e íntimas. Los resultados de los análisis de ruta respaldaron el modelo mediacional planteado como hipótesis, de manera que una mejor relación con el padre biológico de uno (pero no social) predijo una mayor participación del padre en la siguiente generación, y esta asociación estuvo mediada parcialmente a través de esquemas relacionales positivos después de tener en cuenta una serie de covariables. Las pruebas de mediación moderada indicaron que el vínculo entre los esquemas relacionales y la participación del padre fue significativamente más fuerte entre los padres de niñas que entre los padres de niños. Los resultados destacan la influencia única de las relaciones estrechas y afectuosas entre padre e hijo para la posterior participación del padre, y el papel que desempeñan los esquemas relacionales como mecanismo para la transmisión intergeneracional entre padres afroamericanos jóvenes y rurales de niñas.
该研究考察了农村社区青年非裔美国父亲中代际亲职的传播。由132位南部农村地区非裔美国青年男子组成的样本报告了他们与其生物学上和原生家庭中社会学上父亲的关系质量,他们对自己孩子的投入,以及亲密关系的关系架构。路径分析结果支持假设调解模型,例如与自己生物学上(而不是社会学上)父亲较好的关系预测下一代中更多的父亲参与,而这一关联在控制一系列共同变量后部分通过积极关系构架调解。控制调解测试表明关系构架和父亲参与之间的联系在有女儿的父亲中比有男孩的父亲中明显更有力。研究发现强调亲密,充满关爱的父亲‐孩子关系对下一代中父亲参与独特的影响,以及关系架构作为有女儿的农村青年非裔美国父亲中代际传播机制的作用。
This study examined associations between father involvement and father-child attachment security, and whether those associations differed as a function of timing (workday and nonworkday) and/or type ...(accessibility, caregiving, and play) of involvement. Eighty father-child dyads participated when children were approximately 3 years old. Fathers completed a time diary interview assessing the various forms of involvement, and attachment was assessed using the Attachment Q-Set (Waters, 1995) following 90 min of father-child observation in the home. On nonworkdays, father involvement in play predicted greater attachment security and involvement in caregiving was marginally associated with greater attachment security. On workdays, father involvement in caregiving was related to greater attachment security, whereas father involvement in play was related to less attachment security. Results were independent of observed paternal sensitivity and relevant demographic covariates. Findings highlight the differential impact of father involvement for the father-child attachment relationship depending on when involvement occurs and what types of activities fathers engage in.
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