Knowledge of influenza A virus survival in different environmental conditions is a key element for the implementation of hygiene and personal protection measures by health authorities. As it is ...dependent on virus isolates even within the same subtype, we studied the survival of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic (H1N1pdm) virus in water and on non-porous surface. The H1N1pdm virus was subjected to various environmental parameters over time and tested for infectivity. In water, at low and medium salinity levels and 4°C, virus survived at least 200 days. Increasing temperature and salinity had a strong negative effect on the survival of the virus which remained infectious no more than 1 day at 35°C and 270 parts per thousand (ppt) of salt. Based on modeled data, the H1N1pdm virus retained its infectivity on smooth non-porous surface for at least 7 days at 35°C and up to 66 days at 4°C. The H1N1pdm virus has thus the ability to persist in water and on glass surface for extended periods of time, even at 35°C. Additional experiments suggest that external viral structures in direct contact with the environment are mostly involved in loss of virus infectivity.
Monkeypox virus was detected by quantitative PCR based on partial haemagglutinin gene and identifi ed by sequencing.1 The phylogenetic tree (see webappendix) showed that the strain was identical to ...the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC, formerly Zaire) strain circulating in central Africa. The 2001 and 2010 strains were also tested by a resequencing microarray for detection and characterisation of a large panel of viruses and bacteria.2,3 We were able to detect, in one step (48 h), two sequences of haemagglutinin and DNA polymerase DNA-dependent genes of the viral genome in both samples and to confi rm the genotype (DRC clade).
This study used cell culture and molecular techniques to identify the infectious agent associated with SARS. A novel coronavirus was found in multiple samples from 18 patients but in no specimens ...from control subjects. In the patients there were high concentrations of viral RNA in sputum, a finding consistent with a highly infectious agent. Low concentrations of viral RNA were also detected in stool.
The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was recently identified as a new clinical entity.
1
,
2
Patients present with fever, dry cough, dyspnea, headache, and hypoxemia. Typical laboratory findings are lymphopenia and mildly elevated aminotransferase levels. Death may result from progressive respiratory failure due to alveolar damage.
3
SARS appears to be caused by an unknown infectious agent that is transmitted from human to human. The World Health Organization (WHO) had recorded 2353 cases by April 4, 2003. About 4 percent of patients with SARS have died.
4
The SARS epidemic started in Asia, with the majority of cases occurring in China and . . .
Parenteral nutrition bags for newborns were found contaminated by a previously undescribed member of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The six isolates studied by rrs gene (encoding 16S rRNA) sequence ...analysis and multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) formed a discrete branch close to the genera Ewingella, Rahnella, Yersinia,Hafnia and Serratia. Phenotypically, the new taxon was distinct from these five genera. The new taxon gave positive results in Voges-Proskauer, Simmons citrate and o-nitrophenyl-β-galactoside hydrolysis tests; fermented d-glucose, d-mannitol, l-rhamnose, melibiose, l-arabinose and d-xylose; hydrolysed aesculin; and did not ferment maltose, trehalose, raffinose, d-sorbitol, sucrose or cellobiose. Tests for motility, gas production, urease, gelatinase and nitrate reduction were also negative. All isolates failed to grow at 37 °C. The DNA G+C content of strain 130333T was 53 mol%. On the basis of data obtained in this study, the six isolates represent a novel species of a new genus in the family Enterobacteriaceae, named Rouxiella chamberiensis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of the type species is 130333T ( = CIP 110714T = DSM 28324T).
Background. Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii (Ck) was first described in 1998 from human sputum. Contrary to what is observed in ethnic groups such as Maori, Ck is rarely isolated from breast abscesses ...and granulomatous mastitis in Caucasian women. Case Presentation. We herein report a case of recurrent breast abscesses in a 46-year-old Caucasian woman. Conclusion. In the case of recurrent breast abscesses, even in Caucasian women, the possible involvement of Ck should be investigated. The current lack of such investigations, probably due to the difficulty to detect Ck, may cause the underestimation of such an aetiology.
Summary
Identification of microbial pathogens in clinical specimens is still performed by phenotypic methods that are often slow and cumbersome, despite the availability of more comprehensive ...genotyping technologies. We present an approach based on whole‐genome amplification and resequencing microarrays for unbiased pathogen detection. This 10 h process identifies a broad spectrum of bacterial and viral species and predicts antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity and virulence profiles. We successfully identify a variety of bacteria and viruses, both in isolation and in complex mixtures, and the high specificity of the microarray distinguishes between different pathogens that cause diseases with overlapping symptoms. The resequencing approach also allows identification of organisms whose sequences are not tiled on the array, greatly expanding the repertoire of identifiable organisms and their variants. We identify organisms by hybridization of their DNA in as little as 1–4 h. Using this method, we identified Monkeypox virus and drug‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a skin lesion taken from a child suspected of an orthopoxvirus infection, despite poor transport conditions of the sample, and a vast excess of human DNA. Our results suggest this technology could be applied in a clinical setting to test for numerous pathogens in a rapid, sensitive and unbiased manner.
Evolution of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Asia World Health Organization Global Influenza Program Surveillance Network, /; Aubin, Jean-Thierry; Azebi, Saliha ...
Emerging infectious diseases,
10/2005, Volume:
11, Issue:
10
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
An outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) has recently spread to poultry in 9 Asian countries. H5N1 infections have caused > or =52 human deaths in Vietnam, Thailand, and Cambodia ...from January 2004 to April 2005. Genomic analyses of H5N1 isolates from birds and humans showed 2 distinct clades with a nonoverlapping geographic distribution. All the viral genes were of avian influenza origin, which indicates absence of reassortment with human influenza viruses. All human H5N1 isolates tested belonged to a single clade and were resistant to the adamantane drugs but sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors. Most H5N1 isolates from humans were antigenically homogeneous and distinct from avian viruses circulating before the end of 2003. Some 2005 isolates showed evidence of antigenic drift. An updated nonpathogenic H5N1 reference virus, lacking the polybasic cleavage site in the hemagglutinin gene, was produced by reverse genetics in anticipation of the possible need to vaccinate humans.
Parenteral nutrition bags for newborns were found contaminated by a previously undescribed 23 Enterobacteriaceae. The six isolates studied by rrs - (encoding 16S rRNA) and multilocus 24 sequence ...analysis (MLSA) formed a discrete branch close to genera Ewingella, Rahnella, 25 Yersinia, Hafnia and Serratia. Phenotypically, the new taxon was distinct from these four 26 genera. The new taxon gave positive Voges-Proskauer, Simmons citrate, o-nitrophenyl-β-27 galactoside hydrolysis tests; fermented D-glucose, D-mannitol, L-rhamnose, D-melibiose, L-28 arabinose, D-xylose, and hydrolyzed esculin; did not ferment maltose, trehalose, raffinose, D-29 sorbitol, sucrose and D-cellobiose. The following tests, motility, gas production, urease, 30 gelatinase, and nitrate reduction were also negative. All isolates failed to grow at 37°C. 31 Therefore, the new taxon is proposed as a new species and genus and named Rouxiella 32 chamberiensis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is 130333T (= CIP 110714T = DSM 28324T). 33 The G+C content of the type strain DNA was 53 mol%.
Cet ouvrage recoupe les thématiques de la mémoire juive, de l’histoire et de l’anthropologie des sociétés andines, du marranisme ibéro-américain. Il montre la fécondité du dialogue entre l’histoire ...et l’anthropologie, proposition de recherche croisée qui a renouvelé depuis 1970 la connaissance que nous avons des sociétés humaines et modifié le regard que nous portons sur les mondes européens et non européens.
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