A novel smart fluorescent polymer polyethyleneimine‐grafted pyrene (PGP) is developed by incorporating four stimuli‐triggers at molecular level. The triggers are amphiphilicity, supramolecular ...host–guest sites, pyrene fluorescence indicator, and reversible chelation sites. PGP exhibits smart deformation and shape‐dependent fluorescence in response to external stimuli. It can deform into three typical shapes with a characteristic fluorescence color, namely, spherical core–shell micelles of cyan‐green fluorescence, standard rectangular nanosheets of yellow fluorescence, and irregular branches of deep‐blue fluorescence. A quasi‐reversible deformation between the first two shapes can be dynamically manipulated. Moreover, driven by reversible coordination and the resulting intramolecular photoinduced electron transfer, PGP can be used as an aqueous fluorescence ink with erasable and recoverable properties. The fluorescent patterns printed by PGP ink on paper can be rapidly erased and recovered by simple spraying a sequence of Cu2+ and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid aqueous solutions. This erase/recover transformation can be repeated multiple times on the same paper. The multiple stimulus responsiveness of PGP makes it have potential applications in nanorobots, sensing, information encryption, and anticounterfeiting.
A smart single‐fluorophore polymer polyethyleneimine‐grafted pyrene (PGP) incorporating four stimuli‐triggers: amphiphilicity, supramolecular host–guest sites, pyrene fluorescence indicator, and reversible chelation sites, exhibits deformation and shape‐dependent fluorescence in response to external stimuli. Besides, PGP driven by its reversible chelation capacity can be used as an advanced fluorescent ink with erasable and recoverable properties.
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a detrimental neurological disease with limited treatments options. It has been challenging to define the roles of brain cell subsets in IS onset and progression due to ...cellular heterogeneity in the CNS. Here, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to comprehensively map the cell populations in the mouse model of MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion). We identified 17 principal brain clusters with cell-type specific gene expression patterns as well as specific cell subpopulations and their functions in various pathways. The CNS inflammation triggered upregulation of key cell type-specific genes unpublished before. Notably, microglia displayed a cell differentiation diversity after stroke among its five distinct subtypes. Importantly, we found the potential trajectory branches of the monocytes/macrophage’s subsets. Finally, we also identified distinct subclusters among brain vasculature cells, ependymal cells and other glia cells. Overall, scRNA-seq revealed the precise transcriptional changes during neuroinflammation at the single-cell level, opening up a new field for exploration of the disease mechanisms and drug discovery in stroke based on the cell-subtype specific molecules.
The Cucurbita genus contains several economically important species in the Cucurbitaceae family. Here, we report high-quality genome sequences of C. maxima and C. moschata and provide evidence ...supporting an allotetraploidization event in Cucurbita. We are able to partition the genome into two homoeologous subgenomes based on different genetic distances to melon, cucumber, and watermelon in the Benincaseae tribe. We estimate that the two diploid progenitors successively diverged from Benincaseae around 31 and 26 million years ago （Mya）, respectively, and the allotetraploidization happened at some point between 26 Mya and 3 Mya, the estimated date when C. maxima and C. moschata diverged. The subgenomes have largely maintained the chromosome structures of their diploid progenitors. Such long-term karyotype stability after polyploidization has not been commonly observed in plant polyploids. The two subgenomes have retained similar numbers of genes, and neither subgenome is globally dominant in gene expression. Allele-specific expression analysis in the C. maxima ×C. moschata interspecific F1 hybrid and their two parents indicates the predominance of trans-regulatory effects underlying expression divergence of the parents, and detects transgressive gene expression changes in the hybrid correlated with heterosis in important agronomic traits. Our study provides insights into polyploid genome evolution and valuable resources for genetic improvement of cucurbit crops.
Communication networks are difficult to model and predict because they have become very sophisticated and dynamic. We develop a reinforcement learning routing algorithm (RL-Routing) to solve a ...traffic engineering (TE) problem of SDN in terms of throughput and delay. RL-Routing solves the TE problem via experience, instead of building an accurate mathematical model. We consider comprehensive network information for state representation and use one-to-many network configuration for routing choices. Our reward function, which uses network throughput and delay, is adjustable for optimizing either upward or downward network throughput. After appropriate training, the agent learns a policy that predicts future behavior of the underlying network and suggests better routing paths between switches. The simulation results show that RL-Routing obtains higher rewards and enables a host to transfer a large file faster than Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Least Loaded (LL) routing algorithms on various network topologies. For example, on the NSFNet topology, the sum of rewards obtained by RL-Routing is 119.30, whereas those of OSPF and LL are 106.59 and 74.76, respectively. The average transmission time for a 40GB file using RL-Routing is <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text{25.2}~s</tex-math></inline-formula>. Those of OSPF and LL are <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text{63}~s</tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">\text{53.4}~s</tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively.
Aims and objectives
To explore whether the risk of peripheral venous catheters failure remained constant throughout catheter use in adult patients.
Background
Peripheral venous catheters, widely used ...in adult patients, may have a critical threshold dwell time associated with increased risk of catheter failure.
Design
Prospective, observational study. We have complied with the STROBE checklist of items.
Methods
This study was conducted from July–October 2018 in Hunan, China. Data on patient factors, catheter factors and catheter failure events were collected. Poisson regression was used to assess the effect of catheter dwell time on catheter failure while adjusting for other variables.
Results
A total of 1,477 patients were included in the analysis. There were 854 cases (57.8%) of catheter failure. The median dwell time to catheter failure was 52 hr (interquartile range: 36–73 hr). The incidence rate of catheter failure significantly increased by 1.1%/h in the first 38 hr after catheter insertion. From 39–149 hr, the incidence rate significantly decreased, and at >149 hr, there was no significant change in the incidence rate. Meanwhile, factors such as vascular quality and infused drugs showed having an impact on catheter failure events.
Conclusions
The risk of catheter failure may not remain constant throughout the dwell time. The results suggest that nurses should assess the insertion site frequently in the first 38 hr.
Relevance to clinical practice
The significant increase in the risk of catheter failure per hour may warrant close and frequent inspection of insertion site during the first 38 hr.
This paper presents a comprehensive study of a current-fed full-bridge boost dc-dc converter with zero-current switching (ZCS), based on the constant on-time control for high-voltage applications. ...The current-fed full-bridge boost converter can achieve ZCS by utilizing the leakage inductance and parasitic capacitance as the resonant tank. In order to achieve ZCS under a wide load range and with various input voltages, the turn-on time of the boost converter is kept constant, and the output voltage is regulated via frequency modulation. The steady-state analysis and the ZCS operation conditions under various load and input-voltage conditions are discussed. Finally, a laboratory prototype converter with a 22-27-V input voltage and 1-kV/1-kW output is implemented to verify the performance. The experimental results show that the converter can achieve high output voltage gains, and the highest efficiency of the converter is 92% at full-load condition with an input voltage of 27 V.
Since the first report of bifunctional sulfonamide organocatalysts in 2004, these chiral compounds have proven to be a reliable hydrogen‐bonding catalyst and have been wildly employed in asymmetric ...organocatalysis due to its strong acidity and self‐aggregation‐free property. Herein, we review the application of bifunctional sulfonamide as hydrogen‐bonding catalyst after 2011, and our highlights will cover asymmetric process including aldol reaction, Michael addition, Mannich reaction, desymmetrization and cyclization.
Bifunctional sulfonamides are powerful H‐bonding catalysts in asymmetric organocatalysis due to their strong acidity and self‐aggregation‐free property. In this article, we tried to summarize bifunctional sulfonamides used as H‐bonding catalysts in various asymmetric processes reported after 2011. The performances of these catalysts in asymmetric reaction including their catalytic activity, enantioselectivity and diastereoselectivity were reviewed.
Novel biomarkers for pancreatic adenocarcinoma are urgently needed because of its poor prognosis. Here, by using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNA-seq data, we evaluated the prognostic values of the ...differentially expressed miRNAs and constructed a five-miRNA signature that could effectively predict patient overall survival (OS). The Kaplan-Meier overall survival curves of two groups based on the five miRNAs were notably different, showing overall survival in 10.2% and 47.8% at five years for patients in high-risk and low-risk groups, respectively. The ROC curve analysis achieved AUC of 0.775, showing good sensitivity and specificity of the five-miRNA signature model in predicting pancreatic adenocarcinoma patient survival risk. The functional enrichment analysis suggested that the target genes of the miRNA signature may be involved in various pathways related to cancer, including PI3K-Akt, TGF-β, and pluripotent stem cell signaling pathways. Finally, we analyzed expression of the five specific miRNAs in the miRNA signature, and validated the reliability of the results in 20 newly diagnosed pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients using qRT-PCR. The expression results of qRT-PCR were consistent with the TCGA results. Taken together, these findings suggested that the five-miRNA signature (hsa-miR-203, hsa-miR-424, hsa-miR-1266 hsa-miR-1293, and hsa-miR-4772) could be used as a prognostic marker for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
We previously revealed the origin of mammalian simple-type glycogen synthase kinase interaction protein (GSKIP), which served as a scavenger and a competitor in the Wnt signaling pathway during ...evolution. In this study, we investigated the conserved and nonconserved regions of the composite-type GSKIP by utilizing bioinformatics tools, site-directed mutagenesis, and yeast two-hybrid methods. The regions were denoted as the pre-GSK3β binding site, which is located at the front of GSK3β-binding sites. Our data demonstrated that clustered mitochondria protein 1 (CLU1), a type of composite-type GSKIP that exists in the mitochondria of all eukaryotic organisms, possesses the protein known as domain of unknown function 727 (DUF727), with a pre-GSK3β-binding site and a mutant GSK3β-binding flanking region. Another type of composite-type GSKIP, armadillo repeat containing 4 (ARMC4), which is known for cilium movement in vertebrates, contains an unintegrated DUF727 flanking region with a pre-GSK3β-binding site (115SPxF118) only. In addition, the sequence of the GSK3β-binding site in CLU1 revealed that Q126L and V130L were not conserved, differing from the ideal GSK3β-binding sequence of simple-type GSKIP. We further illustrated two exceptions, namely 70 kilodalton heat shock proteins (Hsp70/DnaK) and Mitofilin in nematodes, that presented an unexpected ideal GSK3β-binding region with a pre-GSK3β sequence; this composite-type GSKIP could only occur in vertebrate species. Furthermore, we revealed the importance of the pre-GSK3β-binding site (118F or 118Y) and various mutant GSK3β-binding sites of composite-type GSKIP. Collectively, our data suggest that the new composite-type GSKIP starts with a DUF727 domain followed by a pre-GSK3β-binding site, with the subsequent addition of the GSK3β-binding site, which plays vital roles for CLU1, Mitofilin, and ARMC4 in mitochondria and Wnt signaling pathways during evolution.
We comprehensively analyzed clinical, genomic, and transcriptomic data of a cohort of 465 primary triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). PIK3CA mutations and copy-number gains of chromosome 22q11 were ...more frequent in our Chinese cohort than in The Cancer Genome Atlas. We classified TNBCs into four transcriptome-based subtypes: (1) luminal androgen receptor (LAR), (2) immunomodulatory, (3) basal-like immune-suppressed, and (4) mesenchymal-like. Putative therapeutic targets or biomarkers were identified among each subtype. Importantly, the LAR subtype showed more ERBB2 somatic mutations, infrequent mutational signature 3 and frequent CDKN2A loss. The comprehensive profile of TNBCs provided here will serve as a reference to further advance the understanding and precision treatment of TNBC.
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•We build the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of 465 primary TNBCs•Chinese TNBC cases demonstrate more PIK3CA mutations and LAR subtype•Transcriptomic data classify TNBCs into four subtypes•Multi-omics profiling identifies potential targets within specific TNBC subtypes
Jiang et al. characterize primary Chinese triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and classify it into four subtypes. They find that these TNBCs have more frequent PIK3CA mutations and chromosome 22q11 copy-number gains than non-Asian TNBCs and that the LAR subtype has more ERBB2 somatic mutations and CDKN2A loss.
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