•We evaluated the uncertainty in mass measurements of four electronic configurations in lysimeter.•Uncertainty in excitation and acquisition by datalogger increase the system general ...uncertainty.•Periodic calibrations are necessary to compensate systematic errors due the damage by use.•Only regression analysis is not sufficient to evaluate weighing lysimeters.•Errors and uncertainties were attenuate due the use of indicator module in the Measurement System.
The determination of measurement reliability in weighing lysimeters via error analysis is essential for scientific research and irrigation management. The objective of this study was to evaluate four different weight measuring systems (MSs) applied to load cell weighing lysimeters and compare the results with the expected uncertainty values obtained from data provided by manufacturers. A weighing lysimeter with an area of 0.385 m2 and a volume of 0.289 m3 was used, installed on three load cells. In MS1, the load cells were connected to a junction box and the box to a weighing indicator module in a six-wire configuration. In MS2, a four-wire connection was used between the junction box and a datalogger, whereas in MS3, there was a six-wire connection. For MS4, the connection between the load cells and datalogger was direct. The uncertainties of the measurement systems were determined from the calibration results. MS1 presented the lowest measurement errors and uncertainties, resulting in performance superior to those of the other MSs. After MS1, the best performances were obtained by MS2 and MS3, and MS4 presented the worst performance. The effect of the signal measurement uncertainties and the excitation by the datalogger had the greatest effects on the overall uncertainty of the system compared with the influence of temperature on the load cells. The measurement system may be selected according to the technical data supplied by the manufacturer; however, periodic calibration of the effective measuring range is necessary to verify and compensate for systematic errors, which are accentuated during the operation time.
Information on the potential of organic matter for soil fertility is important to an efficiently replenishment of nutrients. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic ...performance of millet plants grown in soil fertilized with different rates of organic wastes, through biometric variables. A randomized block experimental design with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was used with four replications, consisting of 32 experimental units. The treatments consisted of four organic matter sources (swine manure, sewage sludge, bovine manure, and poultry litter), and two organic matter rates (10 and 20 dm3); 50 dm3 pots filled with an agricultural soil that is predominant in the region were used. The pots were filled with 80% of soil and 20% of organic matter (10 dm3); and with 60% of soil and 40% of organic matter (20 dm3). Plant height (PH), leaf area (LA), stem diameter (SD), and number of expanded leaves (NL) were evaluated at 20, 40, 60, and 80 days after sowing (DAS); panicle length (PNL), and panicle diameter (PD) were measured at 80 DAS. All biometric variables evaluated indicated that the better organic matter rate for soil fertilization for millet crops is 10 dm3. In general, the highest panicle lengths and diameters were found in plants grown in soil with bovine manure.
When it is said about quality and quantity of water supplied through irrigation, for common bean cultivation, it is considered sensitive to water and saline stress. The objective of this work was to ...evaluate the biomass accumulation and growth of common bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) subjected to irrigation with different water depths, using water with different electrical conductivities. The experiment was carried out in pots under a protected environment located in an experimental area of the Federal Institute of Goiás, Rio Verde Campus, in the city of Rio Verde, Goiás. The design was a randomized complete block design in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme with three replications. 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the evapotranspiration of the crop, and two types of electrical conductivity of irrigation water equal to 0.6 and 3.0 dS m-1. All variables were analyzed using the SISVAR® software, whose mean values for the electrical conductivity treatments were compared by Tukey test at 0.05% probability and water replacement by regression analysis, when significant. The use of irrigation water with electrical conductivity of 3 dS m-1 reduces plant height, number of green leaves and stem diameter at 35 days after sowing, thus reducing dry biomass accumulation and aerial part water accumulation at 20 and 70 days after sowing. The deleterious effects under the dry mass of the aerial part at 70 days after sowing, when using an electrical conductivity of 3 dS m-1, are accentuated by the increase of the water dephts.
The losses of essential elements to crops make necessary to correct soil fertility to meet the nutritional requirements of plants, which can be achieved by increasing soil organic matter. The ...objective of this work was to evaluate the leaf nutritional conditions of millet plants grown in soils fertilized with organic wastes from different sources at different rates. Organic matter can make the soil more productive and suitable to agricultural crops. A randomized block experimental design with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement was used with four replications, consisting of 32 experimental units. The treatments consisted of four organic matter sources (swine manure, sewage sludge, bovine manure, and poultry litter), and two organic matter rates (20% and 40% of the pot volume). Boron extraction was performed by dry digestion-the organic matter of the plant tissue was incinerated in an electric muffle furnace at 450-550 ºC, and the inorganic residue (ash) was dissolved in a dilute acid solution. N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn was extracted through wet digestion-the organic matter of the leaf tissue was oxidized by concentrated mineral acids and by heat. N, P, S, B, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn was determined by spectrophotometry. K was determined by flame photometry. All macro and micronutrient contents in the millet leaves, and biometric parameters of the millet panicle were affected by the organic matter sources, organic matter rates, and the interaction between them.
The efficiency of family farmers irrigation is conditioned by several factors such as good quality water supply. In this context, it was to evaluate the salinity and physical, chemical, and ...bacteriological characteristics of water harvested from roofs for irrigation of crops by family farmers in Brazil. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Institute Goiano, in Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil. The rainwater collected on the roofs was sent through vertical and horizontal conductors to the storage tank, which has a capacity of 5000 L. The risk of salinity, pH, turbidity, conductivity, color, total dissolved solids and thermotolerant coliforms during 13 precipitation events was analyzed. Rainwater was classified as water with no salinity problem (EC < 0.7). The variation of the electrical conductivity (EC) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were similar during the collection period, with mean values of 0.05 dS m-1 and 29.72 mg L-1 for EC and TDS, respectively. The pH of the rainwater presented little variation, presenting a mean of 7.37. The mean value of the color of rainwater was 11.45 PtCo L-1, while the turbidity averaged 4.89 UT. During the period of rainwater harvesting, it was observed absence of thermotolerant coliforms in all samples. It is concluded that rainwater does not present restrictions on the risk of salinity and that all physical-chemical and bacteriological parameters analyzed are within the limits allowed by Resolution 357/2005 of CONAMA, indicating the propensity of this type of water for irrigation.
The large and increasing burden of stroke in Latin American countries, and the need to meet the UN and WHO requirements for reducing the burden from non-communicable disorders (including stroke), ...brought together stroke experts and representatives of the Ministries of Health of 13 Latin American countries for the 1st Latin American Stroke Ministerial meeting in Gramado, Brazil, to discuss the problem and identify ways of cooperating to reduce the burden of stroke in the region. Discussions were focused on the regional and country-specific activities associated with stroke prevention and treatment, including public stroke awareness, prevention strategies, delivery and organisation of care, clinical practice gaps, and unmet needs. The meeting culminated with the adoption of the special Gramado Declaration, signed by all Ministerial officials who attended the meeting. With agreed priorities for stroke prevention, treatment, and research, an opportunity now exists to translate this Declaration into an action plan to reduce the burden of stroke.
► Thermophysical properties of soybean, castor and Jatropha curcas oils and related systems. ► Effect of temperature and composition on density, viscosity and thermal conductivity of the systems ...studied. ► Density, dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity data were correlated using empirical equations.
This work is focused on experimental determination of density, viscosity and thermal conductivity as a function of temperature and composition for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from soybean, castor and Jatropha curcas oils. Results show that an increase in temperature, over the range of (273 to 363)K, resulted in a decrease of all properties studied. FAME from soybean and J. curcas oils presented similar rheological behaviour, while FAME from castor oil presented higher values for density and viscosity. Density, dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity data for all systems obtained here were correlated using empirical equations with good agreement between experimental and calculated values. Experimental data presented here may be useful as a database for specification purposes and equipment design and plant operation in the biodiesel industry.
ABSTRACT The objective was to determine the reaction of 33 Phaseolus vulgaris L. genotypes to parasitism by Meloidogyne incognita race 1. The genotypes used in this study six included commercially ...exploited ("IAPAR- 81", "EL- 22", "Carioca", "Serrano", "BATT- 477" and "Uirapuru") varieties, one susceptible ("Rico- 23") and two resistant ("Aporé" and "Pérola") varieties; the others were provided by farmers of the South of Espírito Santo State. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with 7 replicates. The plants were inoculated with 4,000 eggs + second-stage juveniles (J2) of nematodes. After 50 days, the final population of nematodes (FP), reproduction factor (RF) and percentage reproduction rate (%RR) were evaluated. The resistance selection was based on the %RR, i.e., 0-25% = highly susceptible (HS); 26-50% = susceptible (SU); 51-75% = little resistant (LR); 76-95% = moderately resistant (MR); 96-99% = resistant (RE); 100% = highly resistant (HR) or immune (IM). Only the genotype "Preto Meia Lua" was highly resistant. The genotypes "Terrinha- 2" and "Mulatinho" were classified as resistant, "EL- 22", "BATT- 477", "Vermelho", "Bate Estrada" and "Paina" as (susceptible) and genotypes "Rico 23" and "Morgado" as highly susceptible.
CASUÍSTICA E METODOS: Entre janeiro de 1983 e maio de 1999, 12.405 pacientes com diagnóstico de infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) foram atendidos no InCor. Destes, 127 (1,02%) apresentaram rotura de ...parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo como complicação do IAM. A rotura miocárdica aguda ocorreu em 98 (77,1%) pacientes e a subaguda em 29 (22,9%). RESULTADOS: Foram operados 5 pacientes na forma aguda, com 80% de mortalidade e 19 na forma subaguda, com 15,8% de mortalidade. A sobrevida pós-operatória abrangendo os dois grupos foi de 70,8%. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que a rotura de parede livre do ventrículo esquerdo é uma grave complicação do IAM, necessitando de atuação imediata. Nas formas agudas, observa-se rápida deterioração hemodinâmica do paciente, muitas vezes sem tempo hábil para tentativa de correção cirúrgica. As formas subagudas podem ser detectadas e monitorizadas através de exames ecocardiográficos seriados após o IAM. Nestes casos a intervenção cirúrgica precoce, muitas vezes sem a necessidade de instalação de circulação extracorpórea, tem contribuído para a sobrevida da maioria dos pacientes.
Os autores apresentam sua experiência com 385 pacientes, no período de 30 meses, que tiveram seu miocárdio revascularizado com o uso exclusivo de enxertos arteriais. Oito deles já haviam sido ...previamente revascularizados, 114 (29,6%) apresentavam lesão coronária unilateral, 118 (30,6%) biarterial e 153 (39,7%) pacientes tinham comprometimento em 3 ou mais artérias coronárias. A artéria torácica interna esquerda foi utilizada preferencialmente para o ramo interventricular anterior. A artéria coronária direita foi usada in situ para a coronária direita e seus ramos, ou como enxerto livre a partir da aorta ou ainda em "Y" artificial a partir da artéria torácica interna esquerda para ramos diagonais e marginais da coronária esquerda, num total de 108 (28,1%) pacientes. Foram também empregadas as artérias: radial em 215 (55,8%) pacientes, gastroepiplóica direita em 24 (6,3%) pacientes e a artéria epigástrica inferior em 4 (1,1%) pacientes. No total foram realizados 809 enxertos arteriais nesse grupo de pacientes, com 839 anastomoses com as artérias coronárias. Nos pacientes com lesão coronária triarterial a média de artérias revascularizadas foi de 3,2 por paciente. Não foram observados óbitos intra-operatórios. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 7 (1,8%) pacientes, dos quais apenas 3 (42,8%) decorrentes de baixo débito cardíaco. Os autores destacam as vantagens do uso preferencial de enxertos arteriais na revascularização do miocárdio de grupos selecionados de pacientes, especialmente de faixa etária baixa. Essas conclusões baseiam-se na pequena incidência de morbimortalidade observada, além da reconhecida superioridade dos enxertos arteriais, especialmente da artéria torácica interna, patente a longo prazo e pela possibilidade de sua composição com os demais enxertos arteriais.The authors present their experience over a period of 30 months with 385 patients submitted to myocardial revascularization procedures using only arterial grafts. Eight patients had already been revascularized: 114 (29.6%) had lesions just in one coronary artery, 118 (30.6%) in two arteries and 153 (39.7%) in three or more arteries. The left internal thoracic artery was preferably used for bypassing the anterior interventricular branch. The right internal thoracic artery was used "in situ" for the right coronary artery and its branches or as a free graft from the aorta or even in artificial "Y" from the left internal thoracic artery to the diagonal and marginal branches of the left coronary artery. Other arteries such as the radial artery were used in 215 (55.8%). The right gastroepiploic artery in 24 (6.3%) and the inferior epigastric artery in 4 (1.1%) patients. Summing up, 809 arterial grafts were used in that group of patients and in 839 anastomoses to the coronary arteries. In patients with lesions in three coronary arteries the average of revascularized arteries was 3.2 for each patient. There were no intra-operative deaths. Seven (1.8%) patients died during their stay in the hospital but only 3 (42.8%) of them presented low cardiac output. The authors also emphasize the advantages of using just arterial grafts in a selected group of patients especially young ones. This conclusion is based on the low incidence of morbimortality observed in that group and also due to the well-known superiority of arterial grafts as the internal thoracic arteries which present a high percentage of patency over the years and also make possible a composition with other arterial grafts.
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