We present the first quantitative detection of large-scale filamentary structure at z NOT approximately equal to 0.7 in the large cosmological volume probed by the VIMOS Public Extragalactic ...Redshift Survey (VIPERS). We use simulations to show the capability of VIPERS to recover robust topological features in the galaxy distribution, in particular the filamentary network. We then investigate how galaxies with different stellar masses and stellar activities are distributed around the filaments, and find a significant segregation, with the most massive or quiescent galaxies being closer to the filament axis than less massive or active galaxies. The signal persists even after downweighting the contribution of peak regions. Our results suggest that massive and quiescent galaxies assemble their stellar mass through successive mergers during their migration along filaments towards the nodes of the cosmic web. On the other hand, low-mass star-forming galaxies prefer the outer edge of filaments, a vorticity-rich region dominated by smooth accretion, as predicted by the recent spin alignment theory. This emphasizes the role of large-scale cosmic flows in shaping galaxy properties.
Aims. We present and release photometric redshifts for a uniquely large and deep sample of 522286 objects with $i'_{\rm AB}\le 25$ in the Canada-France Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS) “Deep ...Survey” fields D1, D2, D3, and D4, which cover a total effective area of 3.2 $\deg^2$. Methods. We use 3241 spectroscopic redshifts with $0 \leq z \leq 5$ from the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey (VVDS) as a calibration and training set to derive these photometric redshifts. Using the “Le Phare” photometric redshift code, we developed a robust calibration method based on an iterative zero-point refinement combined with a template optimisation procedure and the application of a Bayesian approach. This method removes systematic trends in the photometric redshifts and significantly reduces the fraction of catastrophic errors (by a factor of 2), a significant improvement over traditional methods. We use our unique spectroscopic sample to present a detailed assessment of the robustness of the photometric redshift sample. Results. For a sample selected at $i'_{\rm AB}\le 24$, we reach a redshift accuracy of $\sigma_{\Delta z/(1+z)}=0.029$ with $\eta=3.8\%$ of catastrophic errors (η is defined strictly as those objects with $|\Delta z|/(1+z) > 0.15$). The reliability of our photometric redshifts decreases for faint objects: we find $\sigma_{\Delta z/(1+z)}=0.025, 0.034$ and $\eta=1.9\%, 5.5\%$ for samples selected at $i'_{\rm AB}=17.5$–22.5 and 22.5–24 respectively. We find that the photometric redshifts of starburst galaxies are less reliable: although these galaxies represent only 22% of the spectroscopic sample, they are responsible for 50% of the catastrophic errors. An analysis as a function of redshift demonstrates that our photometric redshifts work best in the redshift range $0.2\le z \le 1.5$. We find an excellent agreement between the photometric and the VVDS spectroscopic redshift distributions at $i'_{\rm AB}\le 24$. Finally, we compare the redshift distributions of i' selected galaxies on the four CFHTLS deep fields, showing that cosmic variance is still present on fields of 0.7–0.9 deg2. These photometric redshifts are made publicly available at http://terapix.iap.fr (complete ascii catalogues) and http://cencos.oamp.fr/cencos/CFHTLS/ (searchable database interface).
We explore the accuracy of the clustering-based redshift estimation proposed by Ménard et al. when applied to VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) and Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope ...Legacy Survey (CFHTLS) real data. This method enables us to reconstruct redshift distributions from measurement of the angular clustering of objects using a set of secure spectroscopic redshifts. We use state-of-the-art spectroscopic measurements with i
AB < 22.5 from the VIPERS as reference population to infer the redshift distribution of galaxies from the CFHTLS T0007 release. VIPERS provides a nearly representative sample to a flux limit of i
AB < 22.5 at a redshift of >0.5 which allows us to test the accuracy of the clustering-based redshift distributions. We show that this method enables us to reproduce the true mean colour–redshift relation when both populations have the same magnitude limit. We also show that this technique allows the inference of redshift distributions for a population fainter than the reference and we give an estimate of the colour–redshift mapping in this case. This last point is of great interest for future large-redshift surveys which require a complete faint spectroscopic sample.
The XXL Survey Ricci, M.; Benoist, C.; Maurogordato, S. ...
Astronomy & astrophysics,
12/2018, Volume:
620
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Context. The luminosity function (LF) is a powerful statistical tool used to describe galaxies and learn about their evolution. In particular, the LFs of galaxies inside clusters allow us to better ...understand how galaxies evolve in these dense environments. Knowledge of the LFs of galaxies in clusters is also crucial for clusters studies in the optical and near-infrared (NIR) as they encode, along with their density profiles, most of their observational properties. However, no consensus has been reached yet about the evolution of the cluster galaxy LF with halo mass and redshift. Aims. The main goal of this study is to investigate the LF of a sample of 142 X-ray selected clusters, with spectroscopic redshift confirmation and a well defined selection function, spanning a wide redshift and mass range, and to test the LF dependence on cluster global properties, in a homogeneous and unbiased way. Methods. Our study is based on the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS) photometric galaxy catalogue, associated with photometric redshifts. We constructed LFs inside a scaled radius using a selection in photometric redshift around the cluster spectroscopic redshift in order to reduce projection effects. The width of the photometric redshift selection was carefully determined to avoid biasing the LF and depended on both the cluster redshift and the galaxy magnitudes. The purity was then enhanced by applying a precise background subtraction. We constructed composite luminosity functions (CLFs) by stacking the individual LFs and studied their evolution with redshift and richness, analysing separately the brightest cluster galaxy (BCG) and non-BCG members. We fitted the dependences of the CLFs and BCG distributions parameters with redshift and richness conjointly in order to distinguish between these two effects. Results. We find that the usual photometric redshift selection methods can bias the LF estimate if the redshift and magnitude dependence of the photometric redshift quality is not taken into account. Our main findings concerning the evolution of the galaxy luminosity distribution with redshift and richness are that, in the inner region of clusters and in the redshift-mass range we probe (about 0 < z < 1 and 1013 M⊙ < M500 < 5 × 1014 M⊙), the bright part of the LF (BCG excluded) does not depend much on mass or redshift except for its amplitude, whereas the BCG luminosity increases both with redshift and richness.
The XXL Survey Marulli, F.; Veropalumbo, A.; Sereno, M. ...
Astronomy & astrophysics,
12/2018, Volume:
620
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Context. Galaxy clusters trace the highest density peaks in the large-scale structure of the Universe. Their clustering provides a powerful probe that can be exploited in combination with cluster ...mass measurements to strengthen the cosmological constraints provided by cluster number counts. Aims. We investigate the spatial properties of a homogeneous sample of X-ray selected galaxy clusters from the XXL survey, the largest programme carried out by the XMM-Newton satellite. The measurements are compared to Λ-cold dark matter predictions, and used in combination with self-calibrated mass scaling relations to constrain the effective bias of the sample, beff, and the matter density contrast, ΩM. Methods. We measured the angle-averaged two-point correlation function of the XXL cluster sample. The analysed catalogue consists of 182 X-ray selected clusters from the XXL second data release, with median redshift ⟨z⟩ = 0.317 and median mass ⟨M500⟩≃ 1.3 × 1014M⊙. A Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis is performed to extract cosmological constraints using a likelihood function constructed to be independent of the cluster selection function. Results. Modelling the redshift-space clustering in the scale range 10 < r h−1 Mpc < 40, we obtain ΩM = 0.27−0.04+0.06 ${\mathrm \Omega}_{\textrm{M}}=0.27_{-0.04}^{+0.06}$ ΩM=0.27−0.04+0.06 and beff = 2.73−0.20+0.18 $b_{\textrm{eff}}=2.73_{-0.20}^{+0.18}$beff=2.73−0.20+0.18. This is the first time the two-point correlation function of an X-ray selected cluster catalogue at such relatively high redshifts and low masses has been measured. The XXL cluster clustering appears fully consistent with standard cosmological predictions. The analysis presented in this work demonstrates the feasibility of a cosmological exploitation of the XXL cluster clustering, paving the way for a combined analysis of XXL cluster number counts and clustering.
We present an analysis of the stellar mass growth over the last 10 Gyr ($z\le 2$) using a unique large sample of galaxies selected at $3.6~\mu$m. We have assembled accurate photometric and ...spectroscopic redshifts for ~21 200 and 1500 galaxies, respectively, with F(3.6 μm) ≥ 9.0 μJy by combining data from Spitzer-SWIRE IRAC, the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey (VVDS), UKIDSS and very deep optical CFHTLS photometry. We split our sample into quiescent (red) and active (blue) galaxies on the basis of an SED fitting procedure that we have compared with the strong rest-frame color bimodality $(NUV-r')_{\rm ABS}$. The present sample contains ~ 4400 quiescent galaxies. Our measurements of the K-rest frame luminosity function and luminosity density evolution support the idea that a large fraction of galaxies is already assembled at z ~ 1.2, with almost 80% and 50% of the active and quiescent populations already in place, respectively. Based on the analysis of the evolution of the stellar mass-to-light ratio (in K-band) for the spectroscopic sub-sample, we derive the stellar mass density for the entire sample. We find that the global evolution of the stellar mass density is well reproduced by the star formation rate derived from UV based measurements when an appropriate dust correction is applied, which supports the idea of an initial mass function that is on average universal. Over the last 8 Gyr (z ≤ 1.2) we observe that the stellar mass density of the active population shows a modest mass growth rate ($\dot{\rho}$ ~ 0.005(±0.005) $M_{\odot}$/Mpc3/yr), consistent with a constant stellar mass density, $\rho_{\star}^{\rm active}$ ~ 3.1 $\times$ 108 $M_{\odot}$/Mpc3. In contrast, an increase by a factor of ~2 for the quiescent population over the same timescale is observed. As a consequence, the growth of the stellar mass in the quiescent population must be due to the shutoff of star formation in active galaxies that migrate into the quiescent population. We estimate this stellar mass flux to be $\dot{\rho}_{A\rightarrow Q}$ ~ 0.017(±0.004) $M_{\odot}$/Mpc3/yr, which balances the major fraction of new stars born according to our best SFR estimate ($\dot{\rho}$ = 0.025(±0.003) $M_{\odot}$/Mpc3/yr). From $z = 2$ to $z = 1.2$, we observe a major build-up of the quiescent population with an increase by a factor of ~10 in stellar mass (a mass growth rate of ~ 0.063 $M_{\odot}$/Mpc3/yr). This rapid evolution suggests that we are observing the epoch when, for the first time in the history of the universe, an increasing fraction of galaxies end their star formation activity and start to build up the red sequence.
Context. Cosmological parameters can be constrained by counting clusters of galaxies as a function of mass and redshift and by considering regions of the sky sampled as deeply and as homogeneously as ...possible. Aims. Several methods for detecting clusters in large imaging surveys have been developed, among which the one used here, which is based on detecting structures. This method was first applied to the Canada France Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey (CFHTLS) Deep 1 field by Mazure et al. (2007, A&A, 467, 49), then to all the Deep and Wide CFHTLS fields available in the T0004 data release by Adami et al. (2010, A&A, 509, A81). The validity of the cluster detection rate was estimated by applying the same procedure to galaxies from the Millennium simulation. Here we use the same method to analyse the full CFHTLS Wide survey, based on the T0006 data release. Methods. Our method is based on the photometric redshifts computed with Le Phare for all the galaxies detected in the Wide fields, limited to magnitudes z′ ≤ 22.5. We constructed galaxy density maps in photometric redshift bins of 0.1 based on an adaptive kernel technique, detected structures with SExtractor at various detection levels, and built cluster catalogues by applying a minimal spanning tree algorithm. Results. In a total area of 154 deg2, we have detected 4061 candidate clusters at 3σ or above (6802 at 2σ and above), in the redshift range 0.1 ≤ z ≤ 1.15, with estimated mean masses between 1.3 × 1014 and 12.6 × 1014 M⊙. This catalogue of candidate clusters will be available at the CDS. We compare our detections with those made in various CFHTLS analyses with other methods. By stacking a subsample of clusters, we show that this subsample has typical cluster characteristics (colour − magnitude relation, galaxy luminosity function). We also confirm that the cluster-cluster correlation function is comparable to the one obtained for other cluster surveys and analyse large-scale filamentary galaxy distributions. Conclusions. We have increased the number of known optical high-redshift cluster candidates by a large factor, an important step towards obtaining reliable cluster counts to measure cosmological parameters. The clusters that we detect behave as expected if they are located at the intersection of filaments by which they are fed.
Aims. The aim of this work is to study the contribution of the Lyα emitters to the star formation rate density (SFRD) of the Universe in the interval 2 < z < 6.6. Methods. We assembled a sample of ...217 Lyα emitters (LAE) from the Vimos-VLT Deep Survey (VVDS) with secure spectroscopic redshifts in the redshift range 2 < z < 6.62 and fluxes down to F ~ 1.5 × 10-18 erg/s/cm2. Of those Lyα emitters, 133 are serendipitous identifications in the 22 arcmin2 total slit area surveyed with the VVDS-Deep and the 3.3 arcmin2 from the VVDS Ultra-Deep survey, and 84 are targeted identifications in the 0.62 deg2 surveyed with the VVDS-DEEP and 0.16 deg2 from the Ultra-Deep survey. Among the serendipitous targets we estimate that 90% of the emission lines are most probably Lyα, while the remaining 10% could be either OII3727 or Lyα. We computed the luminosity function (LF) and derived the star-formation rate density using this sample of LAE. Results. The VVDS-LAE sample reaches faint line fluxes F(Lyα) = 1.5 × 10-18 erg/s/cm2 (corresponding to L(Lyα) ~ 1041 erg/s at z ~ 3), allows the faint-end slope of the luminosity function to be constrained to α ~ −1.6 ± 0.12 at redshift z ~ 2.5 and to \hbox{$\alpha\sim-1.78^{0.10}_{-0.12}$}α~−1.78-0.120.10 at redshift ~4, placing trends found in previous LAE studies on firm statistical grounds, and indicating that sub-L ∗ LAE (LLy − α ≲ 1042.5 erg/s) contribute significantly to the SFRD. The projected number density and volume density of faint LAE in 2 ≤ z ≤ 6.6 with F > 1.5 × 10-18 erg/s/cm2 are 33 galaxies/arcmin2 and ~4 × 10-2 Mpc-3, respectively. We find that the observed luminosity function (LF) of LAEs does not evolve from z = 2 to z = 6. This implies that, after correction for the redshift-dependent IGM absorption, the intrinsic luminosity function must have evolved significantly over 3 Gyr. The SFRD from LAE contributes around 20% of the SFRD at z = 2−3, while the LAE appear to be the dominant source of star formation producing ionizing photons in the early universe z ~ > 5−6, equivalent to Lyman Break galaxies.
Aims. Using the VIMOS Public Extragalactic Redshift Survey (VIPERS) we aim to jointly estimate the keyparameters that describe the galaxy density field and its spatial correlations in redshift space. ...Methods. We use the Bayesian formalism to jointly reconstruct the redshift-space galaxy density field, power spectrum, galaxy bias and galaxy luminosity function given the observations and survey selection function. The high-dimensional posterior distribution is explored using the Wiener filter within a Gibbs sampler. We validate the analysis using simulated catalogues and apply it to VIPERS data taking into consideration the inhomogeneous selection function. Results. We present joint constraints on the anisotropic power spectrum, and the bias and number density of red and blue galaxy classes in luminosity and redshift bins as well as the measurement covariances of these quantities. We find that the inferred galaxy bias and number density parameters are strongly correlated although they are only weakly correlated with the galaxy power spectrum. The power spectrum and redshift-space distortion parameters are in agreement with previous VIPERS results with the value of the growth rate fsigma sub(8) = 0.38 with 18% uncertainty at redshift 0.7.
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