In simulation-based training, learners apply skills in an environment that approximates the real conditions of work. Trainers who design a simulation also employ assumptions about the design of ...communication, or how they believe learners should communicate. More specifically, simulation-based training events draw work groups' attention to communication expectations related to timing, timelines, and timeliness. Competing perspectives may produce temporality tensions. To better understand how temporality tensions affect work and workers, I conducted a qualitative case study of a large, multi-agency disaster-response exercise (the 'Tall Grass' exercise), which simulated a search-and-rescue operation. I identified competing design logics related to synching work streams, pacing activities, and providing feedback or input at the 'right' time, and I identified counterproductive effects of adopted communication designs. In response to the findings, I suggest alternative designs for communication that offer better function, fit, and attention to fragmented interests.
The antecedents and developmental course of borderline personality disorder symptoms were examined prospectively from infancy to adulthood using longitudinal data from a risk sample (N = 162). ...Borderline personality disorder symptom counts were derived from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders diagnostic interview at age 28 years. Correlational analyses confirmed expected relations between borderline symptoms and contemporary adult disturbance (e.g., self-injurious behavior, dissociative symptoms, drug use, relational violence) as well as maltreatment history. Antecedent correlational and regression analyses revealed significant links between borderline symptoms in adulthood and endogenous (i.e., temperament) and environmental (e.g., attachment disorganization, parental hostility) history in early childhood and disturbance across domains of child functioning (e.g., attention, emotion, behavior, relationship, self-representation) in middle childhood/early adolescence. Process analyses revealed a significant mediating effect of self-representation on the relation between attachment disorganization on borderline symptoms. The findings are discussed within a developmental psychopathology framework in which disturbance in self-processes is constructed through successive transactions between the individual and environment.
AbstractDr. Dennis Mileti devoted his career to the study of public warnings disseminated through mass media, word of mouth, and, later, mobile technologies. To date, research on mobile public ...warnings has focused on standardized elements of messages (e.g., the common alerting protocol). During this same period, however, a variety of private, public, and governmental organizations have adopted mobile alert technologies to disseminate a diverse variety of free-form (nonstandardized) messages. We investigated how the evidence-based guidance developed for mobile public warnings applies to this broader class of free-form mobile alerts and warnings (FMAWs). This study reports an experimental comparison of US residents’ (N=299) reactions to notional free-form mobile messages about a safety risk. Experimental conditions compared messages that included safety instructions, ways to seek additional information, expressions of empathy, and emphasizing choice (“choice forward”). Results indicated that message efficacy was greater for FMAWs that gave safety instructions rather than just notifications. Choice-forward FMAWs produced both message efficacy and safety efficacy, or confidence that the person could make a good safety decision for the situation. Application: When the location, timing, and severity of an emergent risk are ambiguous, or when for public safety organizations, they have not yet reached a threshold appropriate for wireless emergency alert messages, a free-form message disseminated through mobile technologies or social media could use choice-forward language and links to more detailed information about possible self-protective action to facilitate just-in-time pre-event education and preparedness.
Practical ApplicationsThanks to the scholarship of Dr. Dennis Mileti, guidance for mobile public warnings, such as wireless emergency alert (WEA) messages, works. This guidance helps make people feel safer, and it is becoming standardized through technologies and practices, such as the common alerting protocol. Existing guidance applies to a specific set of circumstances: Experts have identified an imminent threat and can accurately predict its severity, location, and the single best way that people at risk can protect themselves. For many other situations, mobile alert technologies and social media messages may still be useful. These messages would be “free-form,” meaning not following a template or common alerting protocol, so understanding how existing wisdom about warnings applies is key. This study further suggests that free-form messages should empower recipients to seek additional information about a range of self-protective actions and to make the best choice for their individual situation.
Young children who have experienced early adversity are at risk for developing disorganized attachments. The efficacy of Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC), an intervention targeting ...nurturing care among parents identified as being at risk for neglecting their young children, was evaluated through a randomized clinical trial. Attachment quality was assessed in the Strange Situation for 120 children between 11.7 and 31.9 months of age (M = 19.1, SD = 5.5). Children in the ABC intervention showed significantly lower rates of disorganized attachment (32%) and higher rates of secure attachment (52%) relative to the control intervention (57% and 33%, respectively). These results support the efficacy of the ABC intervention in enhancing attachment quality among parents at high risk for maltreatment.
Evidence for the intergenerational transmission of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is documented in the literature, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Attachment theory ...provides a framework for elucidating the ways in which maternal PTSD may increase offspring PTSD vulnerability. The current study utilized two independent prospective data sets to test the hypotheses that (a) maternal PTSD increases the probability of developing an insecure mother-infant attachment relationship and (b) an insecure mother-infant attachment relationship increases the risk of developing PTSD following trauma exposure in later life. In the first study of urban, primarily low-income ethnic/racial minority mothers and infants (N = 45 dyads), elevated maternal PTSD symptoms at 6 months were associated with increased risk for an insecure, particularly disorganized, mother-infant attachment relationship at 13 months. In the second birth cohort of urban, low-income mothers and children (N = 96 dyads), insecure (avoidant or resistant) attachment in infancy was associated in a dose-response manner with increased lifetime risk for a diagnosis of PTSD by adolescence. A history of disorganized attachment in infancy predicted severity of PTSD symptoms, including reexperiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal, and total symptoms, at 17.5 years. In both studies, associations between attachment and PTSD were not attributable to numerous co-occurring risk factors. The findings suggest that promoting positive mother-child relationships in early development, particularly in populations at high risk for trauma exposure, may reduce the incidence of PTSD.
Pre-election polls are increasingly being used to forecast and study elections in new and weak democracies yet the tension that surrounds elections in less liberal regimes may make data from such ...surveys particularly prone to measurement error. Polls conducted before and after the 2011 Ugandan election and data gathered at various points of the election cycles in 34 African countries are compared to show that, before elections, survey respondents become increasingly wary of the interview and its purpose, especially in less liberal regimes. Those who are wary report more support for the incumbent, the incumbent’s policies and the state and effect of wariness on attitudes is significantly higher on surveys that take place immediately before elections. Misreporting increases the estimated level of support for the incumbent, and may also significantly change the apparent correlates of regime support across the election cycle. Ironically, it was found that pre-election polls may be particularly poorly suited to forecasting elections or capturing the effects of campaigns on political attitudes.
The strong support that African presidents retain among voters of their own ethnicity, despite clear evidence of shirking and corruption, has prompted numerous empirical investigations into whether ...an incumbent's ethnicity or performance is more important to African voters. The model of vote choice underlying almost all of these studies is additive and implies that either coethnicity or good performance can increase a candidate's vote share. However, there is little theoretical justification for such a model. In the dominant theory of ethnic voting in Africa, coethnicity is a signal of better outcomes, indicating that ethnicity and performance are not separate considerations. Using an experiment that is designed to determine how Ugandan voters make choices, the author shows that the effects of coethnicity and good performance interact: neither attribute increases support for a candidate in the absence of the other. Though previous analyses indicate that, all else being equal, voters always prefer coethnics, this study demonstrates that coethnics only have an advantage when they are not shirkers. Additionally, though previous studies indicate that voters always prefer good performers, this analysis shows that voters are indifferent to the performance of non-coethnic candidates. The article provides evidence that this pattern is in fact a result of voters' beliefs that they will only receive future goods from coethnics, making a demonstrated ability to provide such goods relevant for the electability of coethnic candidates, but not for non-coethnics. Since a large number of African voters do not share the ethnicity of their incumbent, this finding has troubling implications for accountability of African leaders.
Stressful experiences affect biological stress systems, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Life stress can potentially alter regulation of the HPA axis and has been associated ...with poorer physical and mental health. Little, however, is known about the relative influence of stressors that are encountered at different developmental periods on acute stress reactions in adulthood. In this study, we explored three models of the influence of stress exposure on cortisol reactivity to a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) by leveraging 37 years of longitudinal data in a high-risk birth cohort (N = 112). The cumulative stress model suggests that accumulated stress across the lifespan leads to dysregulated reactivity, whereas the biological embedding model implicates early childhood as a critical period. The sensitization model assumes that dysregulation should only occur when stress is high in both early childhood and concurrently. All of the models predicted altered reactivity, but do not anticipate its exact form. We found support for both cumulative and biological embedding effects. However, when pitted against each other, early life stress predicted more blunted cortisol responses at age 37 over and above cumulative life stress. Additional analyses revealed that stress exposure in middle childhood also predicted more blunted cortisol reactivity.
Attachment security has been linked to healthy socioemotional development, but less is known about how secure attachment in infancy relates to emotional functioning in middle childhood, particularly ...across multiple contexts. The present study examined associations between secure attachment in infancy and children's context-dependent emotion expression during a parent-child interaction at age 9 (N = 78) among families with Child Protective Services involvement (i.e., children at risk for emotion dysregulation). The results indicated that children classified as securely attached in infancy exhibited less task-incongruent affect (i.e., less positive affect during a distressing discussion, less negative affect during a positive discussion) and a greater decrease in negative affect from a distressing discussion to a positive discussion than children classified as insecurely attached. In addition, secure children were rated as more appropriate in their emotion expression than insecure children. The present study highlights attachment as a promising intervention target for children at risk for emotion dysregulation.
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During the last deglaciation, collapse of the saddle between the North American Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets led to rapid ice-sheet mass loss and separation, with meltwater discharge ...contributing to deglacial sea-level rise. We directly date ice-sheet separation at the end of the saddle collapse using 64 10Be exposure ages along an ∼1200-km transect of the ice-sheet suture zone. Collapse began in the south by 15.4 ± 0.4 ka and ended by 13.8 ± 0.1 ka at ∼56°N. Ice-sheet model simulations consistent with the 10Be ages find that the saddle collapse contributed 6.2–7.2 m to global mean sea-level rise from ∼15.5 ka to ∼14.0 ka, or approximately one third of global mean sea-level rise over this period. We determine 3.1–3.6 m of the saddle collapse meltwater was released during Meltwater Pulse 1A ∼14.6-14.3 ka, constituting 20–40% of this meltwater pulse's volume. Because the separation of the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets occurred over 1–2 millennia, the associated release of meltwater during the saddle collapse supplied a smaller contribution to the magnitude of Meltwater Pulse 1A than has been recently proposed.
•Cordilleran-Laurentide ice-sheet separation began before ∼15.5 ka.•Cordilleran-Laurentide ice-sheet separation ended by ∼13.8 ka.•The 1–2 kyr duration means separation had a modest impact on abrupt sea-level rise.
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