With observations of the Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS), we study chromospheric heating and evaporation during an M1.6 flare SOL2015-03-12T11:50. At the flare ribbons, the Mg ii 2791.59 ...line shows quasi-periodic short-duration red-wing enhancement, which is likely related to repetitive chromospheric condensation as a result of episodic heating. On the contrary, the Si iv 1402.77 line reveals a persistent red-wing asymmetry in both the impulsive and decay phases, suggesting that this line responds to both cooling downflows and chromospheric condensation. The first two episodes of red-wing enhancement occurred around 11:42 UT and 11:45 UT, when two moving brightenings indicative of heating fronts crossed the IRIS slit. The greatly enhanced red wings of the Si iv and Mg ii lines at these occasions are accompanied by an obvious increase in the line intensities and the HXR flux, suggesting two episodes of energy injection into the lower atmosphere in the form of nonthermal electrons. The Mg ii k/h ratio has a small value of ∼1.2 at the ribbons and decreases to ∼1.1 at these two occasions. Correspondingly, the Fe xxi 1354 line reveals two episodes of chromospheric evaporation, which is characterized as a smooth decrease of the blueshift from ∼300 km s−1 to nearly zero within ∼3 minutes. The Fe xxi 1354 line is entirely blueshifted in the first episode, while it appears to contain a nearly stationary component and a blueshifted component in the second episode. Additional episodes of blueshifted Fe xxi emission are found around the northern ribbon in the decay phase, though no obvious response is detected in the Si iv and Mg ii emission. We have also examined the Fe xxi emission at the flare loop top and identified a secondary component with a ∼200 km s−1 redshift, which possibly results from the downward moving reconnection outflow. Our analysis also yields a rest wavelength of 1354.0878 0.0072 for this Fe xxi line.
HLJ1 (DNAJB4), a DNAJ/Hsp40 chaperone, has emerged as a novel prognostic marker in lung cancers; however, the molecular contribution and functionality in neoplastic diseases remain to be established. ...This study demonstrated that HLJ1 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro and reduces lung cancer metastasis in vivo. Using shRNA silencing and ectopic expression of HLJ1, we found that HLJ1 not only suppresses catalytic activity of Src but also downregulates the formation of oncogenic complexes associated with the EGFR, FAK and STAT3 signaling pathways. A screen of specimens from HLJ1-knockout mice and lung cancer patients validated that HLJ1 expression is inversely correlated with Src activity. Mechanistically, HLJ1 protein directly bound to catalytic and protein-binding domains of Src through its amino acid Y172 and the P301/P304 motif. Following Src-induced HLJ1 phosphorylation at Y172, HLJ1-Src interaction was elevated, resulting in Src inhibition and malignancy suppression. Interestingly, both Src-binding regions also occurred in other DNAJB family members and contributed to anti-invasive activities of DNAJB proteins. We conclude that HLJ1 is an endogenous Src inhibitor that can suppress cancer metastasis through complex interacting mechanisms. This HLJ1-Src complex might provide a promising molecular model for developing new anticancer strategies.
Big data, we have all heard, promise to transform health care. But in the “hype cycle” of emerging technologies, machine learning now rides atop the “peak of inflated expectations,” and we need to ...better appreciate the technology’s capabilities and limitations.
Big data, we have all heard, promise to transform health care with the widespread capture of electronic health records and high-volume data streams from sources ranging from insurance claims and registries to personal genomics and biosensors.
1
Artificial-intelligence and machine-learning predictive algorithms, which can already automatically drive cars, recognize spoken language, and detect credit card fraud, are the keys to unlocking the data that can precisely inform real-time decisions. But in the “hype cycle” of emerging technologies, machine learning now rides atop the “peak of inflated expectations.”
2
Prediction is not new to medicine. From risk scores to guide anticoagulation (CHADS2) and . . .
White muscle concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Se, and Zn were investigated in Atlantic- and Indian-bigeye tuna (BET) (Thunnus obesus) from 6 regions. As and Cd muscle concentrations were ...significantly higher in the Indian-BET than in the Atlantic-BET, whereas the Indian-BET caught in the waters off South Africa revealed the highest As, Se, and Zn muscle concentrations. Accordingly, multidimensional scaling separated them into two oceanic groups. Positive linear relationships between muscle Cd concentration and fork length (FL) were established in both oceans. For the other elements, only muscle-Fe and FL relationship was found in the Atlantic-BET. 10.3% of BET > 145 cm FL from both oceans possessed muscle Cd concentrations exceeding the food safety limit (0.1 μg g−1 wet weight) set by the European Commission. Increased Cd, Cu and Zn pollution was found in the Atlantic Ocean compared with previous data, with higher levels found in the Indian Ocean.
Display omitted
•Bigeye tuna (BET) muscle metal levels reflect their geographical sampling sites.•Higher BET-As and -Cd muscle levels found in Indian Ocean than in Atlantic Ocean.•Positive relationships between muscle Cd levels and size revealed in the two Oceans.•10% of bigeye tuna > 145 cm had muscle Cd levels exceeding the food safety limit.•The muscle concentrations showed global oceanic metal pollution in recent 20 years.
This paper presents an analytical solution to predict the β-phase depletion behaviour from the oxide growth kinetics in a CoNiCrAlY coating. The CoNiCrAlY coating was prepared by low pressure plasma ...spraying (LPPS) and was characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). It exhibited a two-phase structure, consisting of a fcc γ-Ni phase and a bcc β-NiAl secondary phase. The as-sprayed CoNiCrAlY coatings were subjected to isothermal oxidation at 1100 °C. An analytical approach was proposed to estimate the β-phase depletion behaviour from the oxide growth kinetics
via
mass balance conversions. In addition, the growth of mixed oxides (including spinel oxides and alumina) on the rough and flat surfaces in the as-sprayed condition were considered. It was shown that the calculated β-phase depletion agreed well with the experimental measurements. The work reported in this study presents a rapid evaluation on the β-phase depletion behaviour in MCrAlY coatings.
Summary
Recent studies found that hepatitis C virus (HCV) may invade the central nervous system, and both HCV and Parkinson's disease (PD) have in common the overexpression of inflammatory ...biomarkers. We analysed data from a community‐based integrated screening programme based on a total of 62 276 subjects. We used logistic regression models to investigate association between HCV infection and PD. The neurotoxicity of HCV was evaluated in the midbrain neuron–glia coculture system in rats. The cytokine/chemokine array was performed to measure the differences of amounts of cytokines released from midbrain in the presence and absence of HCV. The crude odds ratios (ORs) for having PD were 0.62 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.48–0.81 and 1.91 (95% CI, 1.48–2.47) for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV. After controlling for potential confounders, the association between HCV and PD remained statistically significant (adjusted OR = 1.39; 95% CI, 1.07–1.80), but not significantly different between HBV and PD. The HCV induced 60% dopaminergic neuron death in the midbrain neuron–glia coculture system in rats, similar to that of 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+) but not caused by HBV. This link was further supported by the finding that HCV infection may release the inflammatory cytokines, which may play a role in the pathogenesis of PD. In conclusion, our study demonstrated a significantly positive epidemiological association between HCV infection and PD and corroborated the dopaminergic toxicity of HCV similar to that of MPP+.
Nonvolatile RAM using resistance contrast in phase-change materials or phase-change RAM (PCRAM) is a promising technology for future storage-class memory. However, such a technology can succeed only ...if it can scale smaller in size, given the increasingly tiny memory cells that are projected for future technology nodes (i.e., generations). We first discuss the critical aspects that may affect the scaling of PCRAM, including materials properties, power consumption during programming and read operations, thermal cross-talk between memory cells, and failure mechanisms. We then discuss experiments that directly address the scaling properties of the phase-change materials themselves, including studies of phase transitions in both nanoparticles and ultrathin films as a function of particle size and film thickness. This work in materials directly motivated the successful creation of a series of prototype PCRAM devices, which have been fabricated and tested at phase-change material cross-sections with extremely small dimensions as low as 3 nm × 20 nm. These device measurements provide a clear demonstration of the excellent scaling potential offered by this technology, and they are also consistent with the scaling behavior predicted by extensive device simulations. Finally, we discuss issues of device integration and cell design, manufacturability, and reliability. PUBLICATION ABSTRACT
We investigate, for two water models displaying a liquid-liquid critical point, the relation between changes in dynamic and ther-modynamic anomalies arising from the presence of the liquid-liquid ...critical point. We find a correlation between the dynamic crossover and the locus of specific heat maxima$C_{P}^{max}$("Widom line") emanating from the critical point. Our findings are consistent with a possible relation between the previously hypothesized liquid-liquid phase transition and the transition in the dynamics recently observed in neutron scattering experiments on confined water. More generally, we argue that this connection between$C_{P}^{max}$and dynamic crossover is not limited to the case of water, a hydrogen bond network-forming liquid, but is a more general feature of crossing the Widom line. Specifically, we also study the Jagla potential, a spherically symmetric two-scale potential known to possess a liquid-liquid critical point, in which the competition between two liquid structures is generated by repulsive and attractive ramp interactions.
Clinical teachers are continuously entrusting trainees with care responsibilities in health care settings. Entrustable professional activities employ entrustment decision making as an approach to ...assessment in the workplace.Various scales have been created to measure “entrustment,” all basically expressing the level or type of supervision a trainee requires for safe and high-quality care. However, some of these scales are only weakly related to the purpose of making decisions about the autonomy trainees will be granted. The authors aim to increase understanding about the nature, purpose, and practice of supervision scales aimed at entrustment.After arguing for entrustment as a component of workplace-based assessment, the distinction between ad hoc entrustment decisions (daily decisions in health care settings) and summative entrustment decisions (with a certifying nature) is clarified. Next, the noncontinuous nature of entrustment-supervision (ES) scales, as opposed to most workplace-based assessment scales, is explained. ES scales have ordinal, rather than interval, properties and focus on discrete decisions. Finally, some scales are retrospective (“how much supervision was provided?”), and others are prospective (“how much supervision will be needed in the near future?”). Although retrospective scales reflect observed behavior, prospective scales truly focus on entrustment and ask for more holistic judgment, as they include a broader evaluation and a risk estimation to enable a decision about increase of autonomy.The analysis concludes with a discussion about entrustment for unsupervised practice and supervision of others, as well as the program, context, and specialty specificity of scales.
Context. Mergers of two stellar-origin black holes are a prime source of gravitational waves and are under intensive investigation. One crucial ingredient in their modeling has been neglected: ...pair-instability pulsation supernovae with associated severe mass loss may suppress the formation of massive black holes, decreasing black-hole-merger rates for the highest black-hole masses. Aims. We demonstrate the effects of pair-instability pulsation supernovae on merger rate and mass using populations of double black-hole binaries formed through the isolated binary classical evolution channel. Methods. The mass loss from pair-instability pulsation supernova is estimated based on existing hydrodynamical calculations. This mass loss is incorporated into the StarTrack population synthesis code. StarTrack is used to generate double black-hole populations with and without pair-instability pulsation supernova mass loss. Results. The mass loss associated with pair-instability pulsation supernovae limits the Population I/II stellar-origin black-hole mass to 50 M⊙, in tension with earlier predictions that the maximum black-hole mass could be as high as 100 M⊙. In our model, neutron stars form with mass 1−2 M⊙. We then encounter the first mass gap at 2−5 M⊙ with the compact object absence due to rapid supernova explosions, followed by the formation of black holes with mass 5−50 M⊙, with a second mass gap at 50−135 M⊙ created by pair-instability pulsation supernovae and by pair-instability supernovae. Finally, black holes with masses above 135 M⊙ may potentially form to arbitrarily high mass limited only by the extent of the initial mass function and the strength of stellar winds. Suppression of double black-hole-merger rates by pair-instability pulsation supernovae is negligible for our evolutionary channel. Our standard evolutionary model, with the inclusion of pair-instability pulsation supernovae and pair-instability supernovae, is fully consistent with the Laser Interferometric Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) observations of black-hole mergers: GW150914, GW151226, and LVT151012. The LIGO results are inconsistent with high (≳ 400 km s-1) black hole (BH) natal kicks. We predict the detection of several, and up to as many as ~60, BH-BH mergers with a total mass of 10−150 M⊙ (most likely range: 20−80 M⊙) in the forthcoming ~60 effective days of the LIGO O2 observations, assuming the detectors reach the optimistic target O2 sensitivity.
PDF
