Quasi‐biennial oscillations (QBOs) in thirteen atmospheric general circulation models forced with both observed and annually repeating sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are evaluated. In most models ...the QBO period is close to, but shorter than, the observed period of 28 months. Amplitudes are within ±20% of the observed QBO amplitude at 10 hPa, but typically about half of that observed at lower altitudes (50 and 70 hPa). For almost all models, the oscillation's amplitude profile shows an overall upward shift compared to reanalysis and its meridional extent is too narrow. Asymmetry in the duration of eastward and westward phases is reasonably well captured, though not all models replicate the observed slowing of the descending westward shear. Westward phases are generally too weak, and most models have an eastward time mean wind bias throughout the depth of the QBO. The intercycle period variability is realistic and in some models is enhanced in the experiment with observed SSTs compared to the experiment with repeated annual cycle SSTs. Mean periods are also sensitive to this difference between SSTs, but only when parametrized non‐orographic gravity wave (NOGW) sources are coupled to tropospheric parameters and not prescribed with a fixed value. Overall, however, modelled QBOs are very similar whether or not the prescribed SSTs vary interannually. A portrait of the overall ensemble performance is provided by a normalized grading of QBO metrics. To simulate a QBO, all but one model used parametrized NOGWs, which provided the majority of the total wave forcing at altitudes above 70 hPa in most models. Hence the representation of NOGWs either explicitly or through parametrization is still a major uncertainty underlying QBO simulation in these present‐day experiments.
Quasi‐biennial oscillations (QBOs) in thirteen atmospheric general circulation models forced with both observed (orange) and annually repeating (grey) sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are evaluated over a range of metrics and compared against reanalysis (blue‐green). Mean periods are sensitive to this difference between SSTs, but only when parametrized non‐orographic gravity wave sources are coupled to tropospheric parameters (60LCAM5 and right there of) and not prescribed with fixed values. Overall, however, modelled QBOs are very similar whether or not the prescribed SSTs vary interannually.
Abstract Previous data demonstrate that traumatic brain injury (TBI) activates autophagy, and increases microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) immunostaining mainly in neurons. However, ...the role of autophagy in traumatic brain damage remains elusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the autophagic mechanisms participating in traumatic brain injury. The autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and bafliomycin A1 (BFA) were administered with a single i.c.v. injection before TBI. We first examined the protein levels of Beclin-1 and LC3 II, which have been found to promote autophagy previously. Immunoblotting analysis showed that 3-MA pretreatment reduced post-TBI Beclin-1 and LC3-II levels, and maintained p62/SQSTM1 (p62) levels. In addition, double immunolabeling showed that the increased punctate LC3-II dots colocalizing with Propidium Iodide (PI)-stained nuclei at 24 h after injury, were partially inhibited by 3-MA pretreatment. Furthermore, inhibition of autophagy could reduce TBI-induced cell injury assessed with i.p. injection of PI and lesion volume, and attenuate behavioral outcome evaluated by motor test and Morris water maze. The neuroprotective effects were associated with an inhibition on TBI-induced up-regulation of LC3, Beclin-1, cathepsin B, caspase-3 and the Beclin-1/Bcl-2 ratio. Taken together, these data imply that the autophagy pathway is involved in the pathophysiologic responses after TBI, and inhibition of this pathway may help attenuate traumatic damage and functional outcome deficits.
Abstract Finite element (FE) model studies have made important contributions to our understanding of functional biomechanics of the lumbar spine. However, if a model is used to answer clinical and ...biomechanical questions over a certain population, their inherently large inter-subject variability has to be considered. Current FE model studies, however, generally account only for a single distinct spinal geometry with one set of material properties. This raises questions concerning their predictive power, their range of results and on their agreement with in vitro and in vivo values. Eight well-established FE models of the lumbar spine (L1-5) of different research centers around the globe were subjected to pure and combined loading modes and compared to in vitro and in vivo measurements for intervertebral rotations, disc pressures and facet joint forces. Under pure moment loading, the predicted L1-5 rotations of almost all models fell within the reported in vitro ranges, and their median values differed on average by only 2° for flexion-extension, 1° for lateral bending and 5° for axial rotation. Predicted median facet joint forces and disc pressures were also in good agreement with published median in vitro values. However, the ranges of predictions were larger and exceeded those reported in vitro , especially for the facet joint forces. For all combined loading modes, except for flexion, predicted median segmental intervertebral rotations and disc pressures were in good agreement with measured in vivo values. In light of high inter-subject variability, the generalization of results of a single model to a population remains a concern. This study demonstrated that the pooled median of individual model results, similar to a probabilistic approach, can be used as an improved predictive tool in order to estimate the response of the lumbar spine.
In the present investigation, we provide results on the casting, homogenization, and deformation behavior of a new Al-containing refractory high-entropy alloy, namely the equiatomic Nb-Mo-Cr-Ti-Al. ...The alloy shows a dendritic microstructure after arc melting. The dendrites completely dissolve due to a heat treatment at 1300 °C for 20 h. Besides a major phase in the form of a solid solution of W prototype structure, identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements as well as electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), additional phases of small volume fraction within the grains and at the grain boundaries were observed. Quasistatic compression tests, performed between room temperature and 1200 °C, reveal sustaining and high yield strength up to 800 °C and an increasing ductility with increasing test temperature. The dominant deformation mechanism for quasistatic compression loading between 800 °C and 1200 °C is the 〈111〉 pencil glide of dislocations within the solid solution which was proven by the according fiber texture components, evolving during deformation.
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•The as-cast microstructure of equimolar Nb-Mo-Cr-Ti-Al can be homogenized @ 1300 °C.•After homogenization, bcc solid solution with minor secondary phases are observed.•Compression tests reveal a maximum strength of ≈1 GPa @ room temperature.•Increasing ductility up to 24% @ 1200 °C is observed.•Compression leads to mixed 〈001〉 and 〈111〉 fiber texture which indicates pencil glide.
Quantum phase transitions play an important role in shaping the phase diagram of high-temperature cuprate superconductors. These cuprates possess intertwined orders which interact strongly with ...superconductivity. However, the evidence for the quantum critical point associated with the charge order in the superconducting phase remains elusive. Here, we reveal the short-range charge orders and the spectral signature of the quantum fluctuations inLa2−xSrxCuO4(LSCO) near the optimal doping using high-resolution resonant inelastic x-ray scattering. On performing calculations through a diagrammatic framework, we discover that the charge correlations significantly soften several branches of phonons. These results elucidate the role of charge order in the LSCO compound, providing evidence for quantum critical scaling and discommensurations associated with charge order.
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Nanoporous Ni with a tunable nanopore size and chemical compositions was fabricated by dealloying a Ni30Mn70 precursor alloy at various temperatures. The influence of electrochemical parameters on ...the formation of large-scale nanoporous Ni was systematically investigated. Different from the fabrication of nanoporous noble metals (Au, Pt and Pd), the dealloying of Ni30Mn70 includes three kinetically competitive processes: dissolution of Mn, interface diffusion of Ni and dissolution of Ni. The nanopore size and residual Mn can be tailored by controlling the dealloying time, temperature and applied potential. The as-dealloyed nanoporous Ni with a large internal surface area, excellent conductivity and naturally formed oxide surface can be directly used as a free-standing electrode for electrochemical supercapacitors with a high capacitance and excellent cycling stability.
Dapsone is an important medication for the treatment of leprosy, but a life-threatening drug hypersensitivity syndrome develops in some patients. In this report from China, an
HLA-B
locus is ...identified as a strong genetic risk factor for the syndrome.
Dapsone (4-4′-sulfonyldianiline), which was first synthesized in 1908,
1
is both an antibiotic and an antiinflammatory agent. Dapsone alone or in combination with other drugs has been used for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases (e.g., leprosy, malaria, and actinomycetoma, as well as
Pneumocystis jirovecii
pneumonia in persons with human immunodeficiency virus HIV infection) and chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by the infiltration of neutrophils or eosinophils (e.g., dermatitis herpetiformis, linear IgA dermatosis, subcorneal pustular dermatosis, and erythema elevatum diutinum).
2
,
3
About 0.5 to 3.6% of persons treated with dapsone have a drug hypersensitivity syndrome,
3
–
5
which was first described by . . .
Background
Prior investigations with few cases have disclosed lack of pressure sore (PrS) formation was characteristic in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. However, studies with larger ...samples are lacking to ascertain this concept.
Objective
To investigate whether patients with ALS have higher risk of PrS.
Methods
Utilizing a Taiwan National Insurance claims data set with 23 million participants, we extracted 514 patients with ALS and 2056 controls from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2008. Both groups were followed up until PrS occurrence during study period (2000–2011). The PrS risk was calculated with Cox proportional regression model.
Results
The patients with ALS had a greater PrS risk (adjusted hazard ratio aHR = 8.82, 95% confidence interval CI = 4.90–15.9, P < 0.001) than the controls did. PrS risk was much higher in ALS women (aHR = 26.6, 95% CI = 9.05–78.2, P < 0.001) than in ALS men (aHR = 4.38, 95% CI = 1.99–9.68, P < 0.001). Besides, in people aged 20–54, ALS was linked with a much greater PrS risk (aHR = 27.7, 95% CI = 5.79–132, P < 0.001) than in those aged ≥55 (aHR = 6.10, 95% CI = 3.10–12.0, P < 0.001).
Conclusions
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is discovered to be correlated with an enhanced PrS risk. For PrS prevention, it is needed to pay more attention to the management of the patients with ALS, particularly in women and those with relatively younger age. Further investigations are needed to confirm the findings in this study.
Linked article: This article is commented on by J. Dissemond, pp. 1406–1407 in this issue. To view this article https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.15196
A binder‐free self‐grown oxy‐hydroxide@nanoporous Ni‐Mn hybrid electrode with high capacitance and cyclic stability is fabricated by electrochemical polarization of a dealloyed nanoporous Ni‐Mn ...alloy. Combined with the low material costs, high electrochemical stability, and environmentally friendly nature, this novel electrode holds great promise for applications in high‐capacity commercial supercapacitors.
Since the initial demonstration of the ability to experimentally isolate a single graphene sheet, a great deal of theoretical work has focused on explaining graphene's unusual ...carrier-density-dependent conductivity σ(n), and its minimum value (σmin) of nearly twice the quantum unit of conductance (4e2/h) (refs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Potential explanations for such behaviour include short-range disorder, 'ripples' in graphene's atomic structure and the presence of charged impurities. Here, we conduct a systematic study of the last of these mechanisms, by monitoring changes in electronic characteristics of initially clean graphene as the density of charged impurities (nimp) is increased by depositing potassium atoms onto its surface in ultrahigh vacuum. At non-zero carrier density, charged-impurity scattering produces the widely observed linear dependence of σ(n). More significantly, we find that σmin occurs not at the carrier density that neutralizes nimp, but rather the carrier density at which the average impurity potential is zero. As nimp increases, σmin initially falls to a minimum value near 4e2/h. This indicates that σmin in the present experimental samples is governed not by the physics of the Dirac point singularity, but rather by carrier-density inhomogeneities induced by the potential of charged impurities.
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