Water, as a green reaction medium, is safe, non-toxic, and rich in reserves on Earth, while visible light represents a renewable, clean, and abundant energy source. Organic transformations carried ...out under the irradiation of visible light in water are undoubtedly more attractive, and are in line with the concept of "green chemistry" to effectively minimize the environmental impact of chemical synthesis. This review focuses on the recent progress in visible-light-mediated organic transformations in water, and the related mechanisms are also discussed. Although great achievements have been made, they are just the tip of the iceberg and there is still great room for improvement. This review will facilitate the understanding of visible-light-mediated organic transformations in water and further stimulate the advancement of more novel relevant strategies.
Water is a green reaction medium, while visible light represents a renewable, clean, and abundant energy source. The recent advances in visible-light-mediated organic transformations in water are summarized.
To develop and validate a radiomics nomogram for preoperative prediction of lymph node (LN) metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC).
The prediction model was developed in a primary cohort ...that consisted of 326 patients with clinicopathologically confirmed CRC, and data was gathered from January 2007 to April 2010. Radiomic features were extracted from portal venous-phase computed tomography (CT) of CRC. Lasso regression model was used for data dimension reduction, feature selection, and radiomics signature building. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to develop the predicting model, we incorporated the radiomics signature, CT-reported LN status, and independent clinicopathologic risk factors, and this was presented with a radiomics nomogram. The performance of the nomogram was assessed with respect to its calibration, discrimination, and clinical usefulness. Internal validation was assessed. An independent validation cohort contained 200 consecutive patients from May 2010 to December 2011.
The radiomics signature, which consisted of 24 selected features, was significantly associated with LN status (P < .001 for both primary and validation cohorts). Predictors contained in the individualized prediction nomogram included the radiomics signature, CT-reported LN status, and carcinoembryonic antigen level. Addition of histologic grade to the nomogram failed to show incremental prognostic value. The model showed good discrimination, with a C-index of 0.736 (C-index, 0.759 and 0.766 through internal validation), and good calibration. Application of the nomogram in the validation cohort still gave good discrimination (C-index, 0.778 95% CI, 0.769 to 0.787) and good calibration. Decision curve analysis demonstrated that the radiomics nomogram was clinically useful.
This study presents a radiomics nomogram that incorporates the radiomics signature, CT-reported LN status, and clinical risk factors, which can be conveniently used to facilitate the preoperative individualized prediction of LN metastasis in patients with CRC.
Several recent studies have shown the presence of genes for the key enzyme associated with archaeal methane/alkane metabolism, methyl-coenzyme M reductase (Mcr), in metagenome-assembled genomes ...(MAGs) divergent to existing archaeal lineages. Here, we study the mcr-containing archaeal MAGs from several hot springs, which reveal further expansion in the diversity of archaeal organisms performing methane/alkane metabolism. Significantly, an MAG basal to organisms from the phylum Thaumarchaeota that contains mcr genes, but not those for ammonia oxidation or aerobic metabolism, is identified. Together, our phylogenetic analyses and ancestral state reconstructions suggest a mostly vertical evolution of mcrABG genes among methanogens and methanotrophs, along with frequent horizontal gene transfer of mcr genes between alkanotrophs. Analysis of all mcr-containing archaeal MAGs/genomes suggests a hydrothermal origin for these microorganisms based on optimal growth temperature predictions. These results also suggest methane/alkane oxidation or methanogenesis at high temperature likely existed in a common archaeal ancestor.
A metal‐free visible‐light‐induced cyclization procedure was developed for the rapid synthesis of perfluoroalkyl‐substituted benzimidazo2,1‐aisoquinolin‐6(5H)‐ones and perfluoroalkyl‐substituted ...indolo2,1‐aisoquinolin‐6(5H)‐ones under mild reaction conditions. In this procedure, the formation of electron‐donor‐acceptor (EDA) complex is critical for the visible‐light promoted process to avoid the utilization of external photocatalysts.
Constructing two-dimensional (2D) polymers with complex tessellation patterns via synthetic chemistry makes a significant contribution not only to the understanding of the emergence of complex ...hierarchical systems in living organisms, but also to the fabrication of advanced hierarchical materials. However, to achieve such tasks is a great challenge. In this communication we report a facile and general approach to tessellate 2D covalent organic frameworks (COFs) by three or four geometric shapes/sizes, which affords 2D COFs bearing three or four different kinds of pores and increases structural complexity in tessellations of 2D polymers to a much higher level. The complex tessellation patterns of the COFs are elucidated by powder X-ray diffraction studies, theoretical simulations and high-resolution TEM.
Context: Naringin is a natural flavanone glycoside that is found in the Chinese herbal medicines and citrus fruits. Studies have demonstrated that naringin possesses numerous biological and ...pharmacological properties, but few reviews of these studies have been performed.
Objective: The present review gathers the fragmented information available in the literature describing the extraction of naringin, its pharmacology and its controlled release formulations. Current research progress and the therapeutic potential of naringin are also discussed.
Methods: A literature survey for relevant information regarding the biological and pharmacological properties of naringin was conducted using Pubmed, Sciencedirect, MEDLINE, Springerlink and Google Scholar electronic databases from the year 2007-2015.
Results: Naringin modulates signalling pathways and interacts with signalling molecules and thus has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activities, as well as effects on bone regeneration, metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress, genetic damage and central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Information was gathered that showed the extraction of naringin can be improved using several modifications. There has been some progress in the development of controlled release formulations of naringin.
Conclusion: Naringin is a promising candidate for further in vivo studies and clinical use. More detailed studies regarding its mechanism of action are required.
The laurel family within the Magnoliids has attracted attentions owing to its scents, variable inflorescences, and controversial phylogenetic position. Here, we present a chromosome-level assembly of ...the Litsea cubeba genome, together with low-coverage genomic and transcriptomic data for many other Lauraceae. Phylogenomic analyses show phylogenetic discordance at the position of Magnoliids, suggesting incomplete lineage sorting during the divergence of monocots, eudicots, and Magnoliids. An ancient whole-genome duplication (WGD) event occurred just before the divergence of Laurales and Magnoliales; subsequently, independent WGDs occurred almost simultaneously in the three Lauralean lineages. The phylogenetic relationships within Lauraceae correspond to the divergence of inflorescences, as evidenced by the phylogeny of FUWA, a conserved gene involved in determining panicle architecture in Lauraceae. Monoterpene synthases responsible for production of specific volatile compounds in Lauraceae are functionally verified. Our work sheds light on the evolution of the Lauraceae, the genetic basis for floral evolution and specific scents.
The finite-time control design problem of half-vehicle active suspension systems with uncertain dynamics and external disturbances is investigated in this article. The unknown functions, which caused ...by uncertain parameters and unknown dynamics, are approximated with help of neural networks. An extended Lyapunov condition of finite-time stability is employed to achieve the control of the vertical and pitch motions more quickly. Then, assisted by the practical finite-time theory, the finite-time controller is proposed. It can ensure that half-vehicle active suspension systems achieve the stability in a finite time and the ride comfort can be enhanced. In addition, the developed adaptive finite-time control approach is performed to half-vehicle active suspension systems. By comparing analysis of simulation results, the validity of the established scheme is demonstrated and the performance of half-vehicle active suspension systems is exhibited.
Staphylococcus aureus expresses numerous toxins, many of which are strongly believed to be responsible for specific symptoms and even diseases, making it significant in the pathogenesis of human ...health. Enterotoxins, which are vital toxins, are associated with foodborne illnesses that manifest through symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea. In the present study, 264 S. aureus isolates obtained from various retail foods in Hangzhou, China were further investigated the profiles of enterotoxin genes and genetic backgrounds. Approximately, 64.02% of the isolates from diverse sources contained at least one Staphylococcal Enterotoxin (SE) genes, displaying a total of 36 distinct combinations. Enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) encoded enterotoxin genes, normally designated by seg, sei, sem, sen, seo and selu, plus with sep were more frequently detected (33.73%, each). In contrast, see, ses and set were absent in any of the isolates tested. A total of 44 sequence types (STs), 20 clonal complexes (CCs) and 66 different staphylococcal protein A (spa) types (including six novel types) were identified among those 169 SE-positive isolates. Moreover, nineteen methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were identified. The majority of those isolates belonged to the CC59-Sccmec IVa cluster and carried the seb-sek-seq gene cluster. The egc cluster, either coexisting with or without other enterotoxin genes, was observed in all isolates allocated into CC5, CC9, CC20, CC25, CC72 and ST672. Irrespective of the spa types and origins of the food, it appeared that seh was a distinct genetic element present in isolates belonging to the CC1 clonal lineage. The results not only proposed a suspected relationship between distribution of enterotoxigenic strains and genetic backgrounds, but also attributed the presence of novel enterotoxins to potential hazards in food safety.
Silicon (Si) is a promising anode candidate for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but it suffers from poor electronic conductivity and dramatic volume variation during cycling, which ...poses a critical challenge for stable battery operation. To mitigate these issues simultaneously, we propose a “double carbon synergistic encapsulation” strategy, namely thin carbon shell and nitrogen/phosphorus co-doped two-dimensional (2D) carbon sheet dual encapsulate Si nanoparticles (denoted as 2D NPC/C@Si). This double carbon structure can serve as a conductive medium and buffer matrix to accommodate the volume expansion of Si nanoparticles and enable fast electron/ion transport, which promotes the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase film during cycling. Through structural advantages, the resulting 2D NPC/C@Si electrode demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 592 mAh·g
−1
at 0.2 A·g
−1
with 90.5% excellent capacity retention after 100 cycles, outstanding rate capability (148 mAh·g
−1
at 8 A·g
−1
), and superior long-term cycling stability (326 mAh·g
−1
at 1 A·g
−1
for 500 cycles, 86% capacity retention). Our findings elucidate the development of high-performance Si@C composite anodes for advanced LIBs.
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