Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau is a valuable medicinal plant that has gained interest as a side treatment for cancer in Southeast Asia. Phenolic and flavonoid compounds identified in this plant ...have been linked to anti-cancer properties. However, quantification of such metabolites in plants varies depending on cultivation methods and conditions resulting in inconsistent yield. This study aims to establish cell suspension culture of C. nutans, evaluate the accumulation of phenolics, flavonoids and to assess the antioxidant activity of extracts from in vitro cultures. Callus was induced from leaf explants of C. nutans and proliferated on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different combinations of plant growth regulators (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine and kinetin). Assessment of growth kinetics for the suspension culture was performed. The total phenolic, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of the extracts were evaluated followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to detect selected flavonoids. MS medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/L 2, 4-D and 0.25 mg/L BAP was optimal for callus induction, proliferation and suspension cultures. The highest total phenolic content was obtained from suspension cells (55.35 mg GAE/g DW) whereas leaf showed the highest flavonoid content (25.13 mg QE/g DW). Leaf extract demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity with the lowest IC50 value (117.42 μg/mL). HPLC analysis revealed the presence of catechin, luteolin, quercetin and kaempferol in the suspension cells and the leaf. The present study indicated that cell suspension cultures are able to accumulate higher phenolic compounds and possess all four selected flavonoids similar to the outdoor grown plant.
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•Establishment callus and cell suspension cultures of Clinacanthus nutans.•Intact plant and in vitro cultures showed antioxidant activity.•The highest total phenolic content was obtained from cell suspension culture.•Suspension cells produced catechin, luteolin, quercetin and kaempferol, same as leaves.
Fig (Ficus carica) is an exotic deciduous plant that is grown worldwide. Fungal diseases pose a major threat to fig plants, affecting their fruit quality and production. This study was conducted to ...characterize the fungal isolates associated with leaf blight, stem rot and fruit rot of F. carica in Malaysia through morphological analysis, DNA sequencing, multigene phylogenetic analysis and pathogenicity tests. From September 2018 to March 2019, 30 blighted leaves and 30 rotted stems and fruits of F. carica were collected from several nurseries in Malaysia. Thirty fungal isolates that belonged to Lasiodiplodia theobromae (27 isolates) and L. brasiliensis (three isolates) were identified based on morphological characteristics, comparison of DNA sequences and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation translation factor 1‐α (tef1‐α), β‐tubulin (tub2) and DNA‐directed RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2). Among the 27 isolates of L. theobromae, nine isolates were obtained from leaves, eight isolates from stems and 10 isolates from fruits, whereas the three isolates of L. brasiliensis were obtained from stems (two isolates) and a leaf (one isolate). The results of pathogenicity tests revealed that L. theobromae and L. brasiliensis isolates were responsible for leaf blight and stem rot of F. carica, whereas fruit rot was caused by L. theobromae isolates. The present study highlighted two different species, L. theobromae and L. brasiliensis, as the causal agents of leaf blight and stem rot of F. carica. Additionally, L. theobromae caused fruit rot of F. carica in Malaysia.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae was reported to cause leaf blight, stem rot and fruit rot, whereas Lasiodiplodia brasiliensis was responsible only for leaf blight and stem rot of Ficus carica in Malaysia.
The Australian Finger Lime (Citrus australasica) is a type of citrus from the Rutaceae family, endemic to the east coast of Australia. The finger lime, loaded with numerous vitamins and renders a ...unique taste, has also been backed by science to contain essential amounts of antioxidants that are beneficial for cell protection, immune response, cancer prevention, ageing, arthritis and prevention of kidney stones. Current propagation attempts still rely on conventional methods that are less efficient and resulted in the slow establishment of farms for finger lime especially for commercialization purposes. This study focuses on the induction of shoots from shoot tip explants using 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin. Aseptic explants were inoculated into Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium of full-strength and half-strength followed by full-strength MS media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP and Kinetin. Results obtained in this study showed no significant differences in terms of the number of axillary shoots produced between explants cultured in full and half-strength MS media. However, the highest number of shoots and increment in shoot length were obtained from MS media supplemented with 2.0 mg/L BAP with the values 1.80 ± 0.27 and 2.56 ± 0.36 cm, respectively. In conclusion, MS media supplemented with 2.0 mg/L BAP was found optimal in the induction of shoots and shoot elongation of C. australasica cv. Tasty Green.
Fig, or
, is a fruit tree from the Moraceae family and is widely grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Fig plants are mainly propagated through grafting, air layering, and hardwood ...cutting whereby these methods were found to be less efficient. Plant tissue culture is efficient method to propagate plants, particularly to produce true-to-type platelets for mass multiplication. The aim of this study is to induce multiple shoot formation on
cv. Japanese BTM 6 through identifying and optimising the concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Zeatin suited for shoot formation. The axillary shoot tip explants were cultured in MS media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP and Zeatin (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L) to determine the optimal concentration for the formation of multiple shoots. Number of shoots per explants and the differences in shoot height of explants were calculated after 8 and 12 weeks of culture respectively. Of all the treatments of BAP, MS media containing with 2 mg/L BAP marked the highest number of shoots per explant with the average value of 1.67 ± 0.33 while 1.5 and 2 mg/L of BAP produced the highest differences in shoot height with 0.51 ± 0.08 cm and 0.51 ± 0.07 cm after 12 weeks respectively. Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 2 mg/L Zeatin showed the highest production of multiple shoots and differences in shoot height with the average of 0.83 ± 0.219 and 0.32 ± 0.04 cm respectively among all the different treatments of Zeatin. In this study, BAP performed better in shoot induction and elongation as compared to Zeatin for the cultivar Japanese BTM 6.
L. commonly known as the eggplant or brinjal comes from the family of Solanaceae, sharing the same ancestor with the tomato and potato. It is an economically important crop worldwide, being well ...studied for its medicinal properties, nutritional values and its role as an alternative model plant. The eggplant fruit has been previously used for treatments of various diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, arthritis and diabetes as well as its nutritive properties that are beneficial to the human diet. Plant transformation studies on the eggplant have been widely done for the production of transgenic eggplants harbouring genes that are beneficial for optimal plant growth and fruit production. Shoot induction is an essential step required for the successful regeneration of transformed plant tissues and therefore is an essential pre-requisite in
mediated transformation. The local eggplant cv. Bulat Putih is a local cultivar of eggplant in Malaysia with white and round fruits making it a potential model plant colour pigment accumulation studies in fruit crops. The current work aims to investigate the shoot induction potential of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin from cotyledon explants of eggplant cv. Bulat Putih. Results indicated that both BAP and Kinetin were able to induce the regeneration of callus from cotyledon explants. On the other hand, Kinetin at the concentration of 2.0 mg/L successfully induced shoots at the value of 1.50 ± 0.22 shoots per explant, whereas BAP alone did not trigger any formation of shoots. This study indicated that kinetin alone is sufficient to induce shoots in eggplant cv. Bulat Putih without the presence of BAP.
Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Dendrobium orchids are emerging as a potential source of valuable secondary metabolites. This study examined the effect of four additives namely 1-naphthaleneacetic ...acid (NAA), kinetin, thidiazuron (TDZ), and activated charcoal (AC) used in culture medium on genetic variability in PLBs of Dendrobium Sabin Blue. Nine (9) ISSR primers and eleven (11) DAMD primers were used to assess the genetic variability of PLBs that were subcultured over a period of two years. We confirmed that the use of kinetin in culture medium for two years resulted in the highest rate of somaclonal variation in PLBs. On the other hand, TDZ and activated charcoal registered the lowest genetic variability in PLBs. The findings of this study suggest the importance of selecting additives used in the culture medium to maintain stable genetic lines of PLBs. We recommend that the assessment of somaclonal variations should be performed for long term maintenance of tissue cultures.
•Kinetin (1.5 mg/L) was consistently shown high genetic variability in in vitro PLBs using ISSR and DAMD DNA markers..•Somaclonal variations in PLBs caused by TDZ (4 mg/L) and AC (0.5 g/L) were relatively lower than kinetin and NAA.•Different additives in culture medium caused varied extend of somaclonal variations.•PLBs are susceptible to somaclonal variations due to long term subculture and the use of additives in culture medium.
The ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis via Arg N-degron branch regulates various plant developmental processes and responds to multiple stresses. Nevertheless, limited information is available on the ...significance of the pathway during fruit ripening. This study reports that the suppression of
PROTEOLYSIS6
(
PRT6
) E3 ligase in tomato through RNAi altered the gene expression of four Ethylene Response Factors (ERFs) (
SIERF77, SIERF2, JERF1
, and
JERF3
). The transient expression of 35S::PRT6_RNAi and PG::PRT6_RNAi constructs successfully down-regulated the
PRT6
expression in leaves and mature green fruits through 35S promoter, and in breaker-stage fruits via polygalacturonase (PG) promoter, respectively. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis showed an increased expression of
SIERF77
,
SIERF2
, and
JERF1
but decreased
JERF3
expression in the leaves and mature green fruits agroinfiltrated with 35S::PRT6_RNAi. Ripening-specific
SIERF2
showed an increased expression in the breaker-stage fruits agroinfiltrated with PG::PRT6_RNAi, supporting the hypothesis that a low expression level of
PRT6
affected the expression patterns of ERFs in specific tissues of tomato. Conversely, the expression of
pectin methylesterase
(
PME
) decreased in the breaker fruits. The four orthologues of tomato ERFs had been found to be the Arg N-degron substrates in Arabidopsis, with physiological functions being regulated at the protein level. This study showed that the suppression of
PRT6
influenced the expression of these four transcription factors and
PME
.
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