Past and recent investigations in the San Pedro Valley of southern Arizona have provided compelling evidence of two successive migrations from the Ancestral Pueblo world into the eastern portion of ...the Hohokam world within the period 1100 to 1400 (all dates are AD). Concurrent investigations in the Rio Alamosa drainage of west-central New Mexico have also suggested two successive migrations from the Ancestral Pueblo world into the northern Mogollon region during this interval (Figure 18.1). Comparing and contrasting methods of detection and the timing, pace, scale, situational dynamics, and ultimate impact on local populations of these two sets of migrations
Involvement of the larynx by mycosis fungoides is extremely rare with only three reported clinical cases in the English-language literature. We present two patients with laryngeal mycosis fungoides, ...one of whom presented with vocal cord paresis (progressing to paralysis) as the initial clinical manifestation of laryngeal involvement. Our clinical findings and the observations from the three previous case reports suggest that laryngeal mycosis fungoides has a predilection for the arytenoids, aryepiglottic folds, and the laryngeal surface of the epiglottis. Laryngeal involvement, like other forms of visceral dissemination, appears to manifest clinically in the terminal stages of the disease. The natural history, clinical features, histopathology, and treatment of mycosis fungoides are reviewed and the etiopathology of the vocal cord paralysis is described.
Southwestern archaeologists have long recognized that platform mounds required a considerable amount of labor and organizational skill to build. Attempts to specify these behavioral dimensions have ...generally met with failure, however, either due to a lack of data or because researchers have been unable to place mound construction within a larger social context. Recent excavations at the Meddler Point site in central Arizona provide important new data for addressing these issues. In this article, the material and labor costs involved in building the Meddler Point platform mound are considered. The implications of these figures for understanding Classic period social organization at the site are then examined.
In this chapter we examine evolving social boundaries marked on the landscape of the San Pedro River Valley of southeastern Arizona (figure 8.1) between AD 750 and 1450. Using both archaeological and ...ethnographic data, we present a model of identities in flux, and changing relationships between social groups and key resources, as two waves of immigrants established themselves in the valley and interacted with locals.
Social boundaries can be marked in myriad ways (Barth 1998 1969; Eriksen 1991; Jenkins 1996, 1997; Kroskrity 1993; Ningsheng 1989). Here we focus on monuments (Adler and Wilshusen 1990; Bradley 1993, 1998, 2000; Criado 1995:199;
In this chapter we examine two related case studies. The first focuses on the collapse of the late Classic period (AD 1300–1450) Hohokam irrigation communities of the lower Salt River Valley (Figure ...22.1) and reveals the downside of connectivity—unintended, sometimes gravely serious consequences. In the second, we posit the development of a feasting tradition among Kayenta groups in diasporic cells throughout the Hohokam world—an apparent attempt to create or maintain connections on a broad geographical scale. The research reported here is part of the Coalescent Communities Project, a large-scale analysis of existing museum collections focused on more
Frailty is arguably the biggest problem associated with population ageing, and associates with gut microbiome composition in elderly and care-dependent individuals. Here we characterize frailty ...associations with the gut microbiota in a younger community dwelling population, to identify targets for intervention to encourage healthy ageing.
We analysed 16S rRNA gene sequence data derived from faecal samples obtained from 728 female twins. Frailty was quantified using a frailty index (FI). Mixed effects models were used to identify associations with diversity, operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and taxa. OTU associations were replicated in the Eldermet cohort. Phenotypes were correlated with modules of OTUs collapsed by co-occurrence.
Frailty negatively associated with alpha diversity of the gut microbiota. Models considering a number of covariates identified 637 OTUs associated with FI. Twenty-two OTU associations were significant independent of alpha diversity. Species more abundant with frailty included Eubacterium dolichum and Eggerthella lenta. A Faecalibacterium prausnitzii OTU was less abundant in frailer individuals, and retained significance in discordant twin analysis. Sixty OTU associations were replicated in the Eldermet cohort. OTU co-occurrence modules had mutually exclusive associations between frailty and alpha diversity.
There was a striking negative association between frailty and gut microbiota diversity, underpinned by specific taxonomic associations. Whether these relationships are causal or consequential is unknown. Nevertheless, they represent targets for diagnostic surveillance, or for intervention studies to improve vitality in ageing.
Scurfy (sf) is an X-linked recessive mouse mutant resulting in lethality
in hemizygous males 16-25 days after birth, and is characterized by
overproliferation of CD4+CD8- T lymphocytes, extensive ...multiorgan infiltration
and elevation of numerous cytokines. Similar to animals
that lack expression of either Ctla-4 (refs. 5,6) or Tgf-β (refs. 7,8), the pathology observed in sf mice seems to result
from an inability to properly regulate CD4+CD8- T-cell activity. Here we identify the gene defective in sf mice by combining
high-resolution genetic and physical mapping with large-scale sequence analysis.
The protein encoded by this gene (designated Foxp3) is a new member
of the forkhead/winged-helix family of transcriptional regulators and is highly
conserved in humans. In sf mice, a frameshift mutation results in a
product lacking the forkhead domain. Genetic complementation demonstrates
that the protein product of Foxp3, scurfin, is essential for normal
immune homeostasis.
Background Morbidly adherent placenta (MAP) is a serious obstetric complication causing mortality and morbidity. Objective To evaluate whether outcomes of patients with MAP improve with increasing ...experience within a well-established multidisciplinary team at a single referral center. Study Design All singleton pregnancies with pathology-confirmed MAP (including placenta accreta, increta, or percreta) managed by a multidisciplinary team between January 2011 and August 2016 were included in this retrospective study. Turnover of team members was minimal, and cases were divided into 2 time periods so as to compare 2 similarly sized groups: T1 = January 2011 to April 2014 and T2 = May 2014 to August 2016. Outcome variables were estimated blood loss, units of red blood cell transfused, volume of crystalloid transfused, massive transfusion protocol activation, ureter and bowel injury, and neonatal birth weight. Comparisons and adjustments were made by use of the Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test, analysis of covariance, and multinomial logistic regression. Results A total of 118 singleton pregnancies, 59 in T1 and 59 in T2, were managed during the study period. Baseline patient characteristics were not statistically significant. Forty-eight of 59 (81.4%) patients in T1 and 42 of 59 (71.2%) patients in T2 were diagnosed with placenta increta/percreta. The median interquartile range estimated blood loss (T1: 2000 1475-3000 vs T2: 1500 1000-2700, P = .04), median red blood cell transfusion units (T1: 2.5 0-7 vs T2: 1 0-4, P = .02), and median crystalloid transfusion volume (T1: 4200 3600-5000 vs T2: 3400 3000-4000, P < .01) were significantly less in T2. Also, a massive transfusion protocol was instituted more frequently in T1: 15/59 (25.4%) vs 3/59 (5.1%); P < .01. Neonatal outcomes and surgical complications were similar between the 2 groups. Conclusion Our study shows that patient outcomes are improved over time with increasing experience within a well-established multidisciplinary team performing 2−3 cases per month. This suggests that small, collective changes in team dynamics lead to continuous improvement of clinical outcomes. These findings support the development of centers of excellence for MAP staffed by stable, core multidisciplinary teams, which should perform a significant number of these procedures on an ongoing basis.
The systematics of grasses has advanced through applications of plastome phylogenomics, although studies have been largely limited to subfamilies or other subgroups of Poaceae. Here we present a ...plastome phylogenomic analysis of 250 complete plastomes (179 genera) sampled from 44 of the 52 tribes of Poaceae. Plastome sequences were determined from high throughput sequencing libraries and the assemblies represent over 28.7 Mbases of sequence data. Phylogenetic signal was characterized in 14 partitions, including (1) complete plastomes; (2) protein coding regions; (3) noncoding regions; and (4) three loci commonly used in single and multi-gene studies of grasses. Each of the four main partitions was further refined, alternatively including or excluding positively selected codons and also the gaps introduced by the alignment. All 76 protein coding plastome loci were found to be predominantly under purifying selection, but specific codons were found to be under positive selection in 65 loci. The loci that have been widely used in multi-gene phylogenetic studies had among the highest proportions of positively selected codons, suggesting caution in the interpretation of these earlier results. Plastome phylogenomic analyses confirmed the backbone topology for Poaceae with maximum bootstrap support (BP). Among the 14 analyses, 82 clades out of 309 resolved were maximally supported in all trees. Analyses of newly sequenced plastomes were in agreement with current classifications. Five of seven partitions in which alignment gaps were removed retrieved Panicoideae as sister to the remaining PACMAD subfamilies. Alternative topologies were recovered in trees from partitions that included alignment gaps. This suggests that ambiguities in aligning these uncertain regions might introduce a false signal. Resolution of these and other critical branch points in the phylogeny of Poaceae will help to better understand the selective forces that drove the radiation of the BOP and PACMAD clades comprising more than 99.9% of grass diversity.
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