This study focuses on reconstructing the time-calibrated phylogeny of the nine families comprising the order Sapindales, representing a diverse and economically important group of eudicots including ...citrus, mahogany, tree-of-heaven, cashew, mango, pistachio, frankincense, myrrh, lychee, rambutan, maple, and buckeye. We sampled three molecular markers, plastid genes rbcL and atpB, and the trnL-trnLF spacer region, and covered one-third of the generic diversity of Sapindales. All three markers produced congruent phylogenies using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods for a set of taxa that included outgroups, i.e., members of the closely related orders Brassicales and Malvales, and the more distantly related Crossosomatales, Ranunculales, and Ceratophyllales. All results confirmed the current delimitation of the families within Sapindales, and the monophyly of the order. Concerning inter-familial relationships, Biebersteiniaceae and Nitrariaceae formed a basal grade (or sister clade) to the rest of Sapindales with moderate support. The sister relationship of Kirkiaceae to Anacardiaceae and Burser-aceae was strongly supported. The clade combining Anacardiaceae and Burseraceae as well as the clade combining Meliaceae, Simaroubaceae, and Rutaceae each received strong support. The sister relationship between Meliaceae and Simaroubaceae was moderately supported. The position of Sapindaceae could not be resolved with confidence. The Sapindales separated from their sister clade, comprising Brassicales and Malvales, in the Early Cretaceous at ca. 112 Ma, and diversified into the nine families from ca. 105 Ma until ca. 87 Ma during Early to Late Cretaceous times. Biebersteiniaceae and Nitrariaceae have the longest stem lineages observed in Sapindales, possibly indicating that extinction may have had a greater role in shaping their extant diversity than elsewhere within the order. Divergence within the larger families (Anacardiaceae, Burseraceae, Meliaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Simaroubaceae) started during the Late Cretaceous, extending into the Paleogene and Neogene.
The "Great American Biotic Interchange" (GABI) is regarded as a defining event in the biogeography of the Americas. It is hypothesized to have occurred when the Isthmus of Panama closed ca three ...million years ago (Ma), ending the isolation of South America and permitting the mixing of its biota with that of North America. This view of the GABI is based largely upon the animal fossil record, but recent molecular biogeographic studies of plants that show repeated instances of long-distance dispersal over major oceanic barries suggest that perhaps the land bridge provided by the isthmus may have been less necessary for plant migration. Here we show that plants have significantly earlier divergence time estimates than animals for historical migration events across the Isthmus of Panama region. This difference in timing indicates that plants had a greater propensity for dispersal over the isthmus before its closure compared with animals. The GABI was therefore asynchronous for plants and animals, which has fundamental implications for the historical assembly of tropical biomes in the most species-rich forests on the planet.
Moderate therapeutic hypothermia (TH) initiated within 6 h of life reduces adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants after perinatal hypoxic ischaemic insult. For infants born in non-tertiary ...centres, TH may be initiated manually en route to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). However, both over- and undercooling is reported with this strategy, precluding some infants from the benefits of TH.
To evaluate the impact of a region-wide educational programme on the safety and efficacy of manual cooling administered by the Wellington Neonatal Transport Service (NeTS).
Clinical records of infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) retrieved by the Wellington NeTS for TH between January 2012 and June 2017 were reviewed retrospectively. Temperature outcomes of infants retrieved before and after the education programme were compared.
A total of 101 infants were cooled manually by Wellington NeTS for TH during the study period. Education and training significantly reduced the rate of overcooling to ≤32.0°C (4/43 9% vs. 0/58, p = 0.02). However, there was no difference in the proportion of infants who achieved target rectal temperature within 6 h of life (29/43 65% vs. 35/58 60%, p = 0.57).
Introduction of a region-wide educational programme may have improved the safety of manual cooling during neonatal transport but it had a negligible impact on its efficacy. The use of servo-controlled cooling during transport should therefore be considered to improve access to the optimal neuroprotective benefits of TH for outborn infants with HIE.
Aim: The purpose of the present study was to explore factors cited by metropolitan dietitians as being critical to their workforce satisfaction in the literature and a previous study.
Methods: ...Twenty dietitians from three metropolitan hospitals in Brisbane, Australia, were recruited by convenience sample to participate in seven focus group sessions. Group discussion transcriptions were thematically analysed by two independent researchers.
Results: Participants identified career progression, professional development, resource availability, team and physical environment, reward and recognition as impacting upon their satisfaction. Overwhelmingly, they identified the availability of flexitime arrangements as symbolising workplace flexibility, which was considered the most influential of satisfaction factors. Intangible forms of reward and recognition were also desired and highly valued.
Conclusions: Workplace satisfaction among this sample of metropolitan dietitians is multifactorial. Increasing perceived flexibility in work hours may increase satisfaction. Provision of intangible reward and recognition is likely to be well accepted. Future research should involve another survey of a representative sample of practitioners and managers, with the view to developing practical initiatives to improve satisfaction and maintain service delivery.
Jan. 14--Nutrition to the Rescue! A book called The Green Box League of Nutritious Justice, co-authored by Plantsville chef Peter Crouth, was recently honored by The Mom's Choice Awards, a globally ...recognized program that evaluates products and services created for children and families.
The dedicated families, instructors and hundreds of volunteers are gearing up for the "Horse Show Days," which will take place May 19 through the 25, an annual event that inspires pride in the riders.
Janice Cohen and Lynne Tapper have helped dozens of women take-on a "sprint distance triathlon," which is comprised of a half-mile swim, a 12-mile bike ride and a 3.1 mile run. A 10-week training ...session kicks off on May 9 when participants receive a detailed daily exercise plan.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is reporting that the number of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder has risen significantly in recent years.
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