This book analyzes the deep historical and theoretical roots of self-directed learning models in order to put forward a new conceptual understanding of self-directed learning. It utilizes ...philosophical methods to present arguments, both historical and contemporary, in favor of shifting education toward self-directed models and away from a view of education that places teachers, administration, curriculum, and standards at the center of the learning endeavor. This book demonstrates that self-directed learning has proven to be effective in numerous contexts and builds on this history to present a new philosophy of education termed "Eudemonic Self-Directed Learning," for individual and societal flourishing. Exploring exemplars from different cultural and historical settings to inform post-pandemic pedagogies and policies, this book will appeal to scholars and researchers of the history and philosophy of education, with interests in self-directed learning and its potential for contemporary practice.
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted weaknesses in our education system and has prompted renewed conversation about the structure of education. This article argues that the conversation should be ...more geared to the why of education (i.e., the purpose of schools) rather than the how (i.e., the multiple ways of delivering education both for in-person and remote settings). This article examines two conflicting philosophies of education. First, the model of self-directed learning put forward by Knowles in 1975 is presented and why it may be useful in our present circumstances. In contrast, Biesta's critique of the rise of learning (and removal of teaching) in education will be presented, showing the political power at work in this discourse. Finally, a type of synthesis is reached between these two polarized positions with the help of Freire, arguing for a why of education that has rehumanization at its center.
From the beginning, one of the predominant elements of worship within the church was the celebration of the eucharist. Much scholarship has been done on the eucharist, examining the observance ...through the disciplines of church history, theology, New Testament studies, and ecclesiology. This thesis merely aims to complement current scholarship in the area of eucharistic origins. The question examined is this: "Did the Corinthian church model their eucharist observance upon the existing Greco-Roman banquet model?" In answering that question, exegetical work is presented on 1 Cor 11:17-34, the banquet is examined as to form and function, and parallels are made between the two. The study leads to important applications in contemporary eucharistic thought and practice.
Abstract
Moons orbiting exoplanets (“exomoons”) may hold clues about planet formation, migration, and habitability. In this work, we investigate the plausibility of exomoons orbiting the temperate (
...T
eq
= 294 K) giant (
R
= 9.2
R
⊕
) planet HIP 41378 f, which has been shown to have a low apparent bulk density of 0.09 g cm
−3
and a flat near-infrared transmission spectrum, hinting that it may possess circumplanetary rings. Given this planet’s long orbital period (
P
≈ 1.5 yr), it has been suggested that it may also host a large exomoon. Here, we analyze the orbital stability of a hypothetical exomoon with a satellite-to-planet mass ratio of 0.0123 orbiting HIP 41378 f. Combining a new software package,
astroQTpy
, with
REBOUND
and
EqTide
, we conduct a series of
N
-body and tidal migration simulations, demonstrating that satellites up to this size are largely stable against dynamical escape and collisions. We simulate the expected transit signal from this hypothetical exomoon and show that current transit observations likely cannot constrain the presence of exomoons orbiting HIP 41378 f, though future observations may be capable of detecting exomoons in other systems. Finally, we model the combined transmission spectrum of HIP 41378 f and a hypothetical moon with a low-metallicity atmosphere and show that the total effective spectrum would be contaminated at the ∼10 ppm level. Our work not only demonstrates the feasibility of exomoons orbiting HIP 41378 f but also shows that large exomoons may be a source of uncertainty in future high-precision measurements of exoplanet systems.
The effects of firearm sales and legislation on crime and violence are intensely debated, with multiple studies yielding differing results. We hypothesized that increased lawful firearm sales would ...not be associated with the rates of crime and homicide when studied using a robust statistical method.
National and state rates of crime and homicide during 1999-2015 were obtained from the United States Department of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Instant Criminal Background Check System background checks were used as a surrogate for lawful firearm sales. A general multiple linear regression model using log event rates was used to assess the effect of firearm sales on crime and homicide rates. Additional modeling was then performed on a state basis using an autoregressive correlation structure with generalized estimating equation estimates for standard errors to adjust for the interdependence of variables year to year within a particular state.
Nationally, all crime rates except the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention–designated firearm homicides decreased as firearm sales increased over the study period. Using a naive national model, increases in firearm sales were associated with significant decreases in multiple crime categories. However, a more robust analysis using generalized estimating equation estimates on state-level data demonstrated increases in firearms sales were not associated with changes in any crime variables examined.
Robust analysis does not identify an association between increased lawful firearm sales and rates of crime or homicide. Based on this, it is unclear if efforts to limit lawful firearm sales would have any effect on rates of crime, homicide, or injuries from violence committed with firearms.
Objective: Providing culturally sensitive definitions of child abuse is difficult as perceptions of what constitutes abuse can vary around the world. This study was undertaken to assess how teachers ...in the Republic of Palau perceived the severity of potentially abusive incidents and what types of recommendations, if any, they would have for situations judged as severely abusive. Attitudes about child rearing practices were also evaluated.
Methods: Teachers (
n = 141) were given: (1) a questionnaire consisting of 25 vignettes describing parent/child interactions that were potentially abusive and asked to rate the severity of abuse and recommended interventions for each vignette; and (2) a 40-item parenting styles questionnaires to evaluate attitudes about child-rearing practices.
Results: Teachers identified and recommended interventions for more severe forms of abuse at rates similar to other international samples. For less severe parental misconduct, teachers were reluctant to involve nonfamily and outside agencies. Sexual abuse was rated as the most serious type of abuse and when identified, intervention was highly recommended. Some traditional Palauan parenting practices that might be considered maltreatment by other cultures were not considered abusive. For parenting styles, older individuals were more likely to use guilt induction and less likely to use methods of acceptance. Aggressive parenting styles were negatively correlated with all forms of abuse, suggesting that teachers who used aggressive disciplinary styles were less likely to perceive abusive situations as harmful.
Conclusions: These results indicate that cultural values and practices play important roles in shaping the definition and interpretation of child maltreatment.
French abstract not available at time of publication.
Objetivo: Resulta difı́cil disponer de definiciones de maltrato infantil culturalmente sensibles, ya que las percepciones de lo que constituye maltrato pueden variar en los diferentes paı́ses del mundo. Este estudio se puso en marcha para evaluar la forma en que los maestros de la República de Palau perciben la severidad de incidentes potencialmente maltratantes y qué tipo de recomendaciones tendrı́an para situaciones juzgadas como severamente maltratantes. Se evaluaron también las actitudes con respecto a las prácticas de cuidado de los niños.
Método: A una muestra compuesta por 141 maestros se les proporcionó un cuestionario consistente en 25 viñetas que describı́an interacciones padres-niños potencialmente maltratantes y se les pidió que puntuaran la severidad del maltrato y que recomendaran intervenciones para cada viñeta. Además, se les pidió que completaran un cuestionario con 40 ı́tems sobre los estilos parentales para evaluar las actitudes acerca de las prácticas de cuidado a los niños.
Resultados: Los maestros identificaron y recomendaron intervenciones para las situaciones más severas de maltrato similares a las que se obtienen en otras muestras internacionales. Para las formas menos severas de conductas parentales inadecuadas, los maestros fueron contrarios a implicar a agencias externas y a no familiares. El abuso sexual fue puntuado como el tipo más severo de maltrato y, cuando se identificó, se recomendó de manera muy frecuente la intervención. Algunas prácticas tradicionales de comportamiento parental tı́picas de Palau, que podrı́an ser consideradas como maltrato por otras culturas, no fueron consideradas como maltratantes. En cuanto a los estilos parentales, los sujetos de la muestra que eran más mayores tenı́an más tendencia a utilizar la inducción de culpa y menos los métodos de aceptación. Los resultados sugieren que los maestros que utilizaban técnicas agresivas de disciplina tenian más tendencia a percibir las situaciones de maltrato como dañinas para los niños.
Conclusiones: Estos resultados indican que los valores y las prácticas culturales juegan un rol importante en condicionar la definición de maltrato infantil.
Moons orbiting exoplanets ("exomoons") may hold clues about planet formation, migration, and habitability. In this work, we investigate the plausibility of exomoons orbiting the temperate ...(\(T_\text{eq}=294\) K) giant (\(R = 9.2\) R\(_\oplus\)) planet HIP 41378 f, which has been shown to have a low apparent bulk density of \(0.09\,\text{g}\,\text{cm}^{-3}\) and a flat near-infrared transmission spectrum, hinting that it may possess circumplanetary rings. Given this planet's long orbital period (\(P\approx1.5\) yr), it has been suggested that it may also host a large exomoon. Here, we analyze the orbital stability of a hypothetical exomoon with a satellite-to-planet mass ratio of 0.0123 orbiting HIP 41378 f. Combining a new software package, astroQTpy, with REBOUND and EqTide, we conduct a series of N-body and tidal migration simulations, demonstrating that satellites up to this size are largely stable against dynamical escape and collisions. We simulate the expected transit signal from this hypothetical exomoon and show that current transit observations likely cannot constrain the presence of exomoons orbiting HIP 41378 f, though future observations may be capable of detecting exomoons in other systems. Finally, we model the combined transmission spectrum of HIP 41378 f and a hypothetical moon with a low-metallicity atmosphere, and show that the total effective spectrum would be contaminated at the \(\sim\)10 ppm level. Our work not only demonstrates the feasibility of exomoons orbiting HIP 41378 f, but also shows that large exomoons may be a source of uncertainty in future high-precision measurements of exoplanet systems.
