Train driving is a demanding form of human performance where inattention or distraction can lead to serious errors and accidents. Train drivers, therefore, require a unique set of abilities to deal ...with these demands, especially when exposed to competing or conflicting performance expectations (e.g., on‐time performance and following safety rules). Cognitive abilities, in particular, are considered essential to safe and effective train driving. Selective attention is one such ability, however, other cognitive abilities can be equally important. Drawing on self‐control theory, this article examines the combined effect of selective attention, fluid intelligence, and verbal reasoning on train driving performance. The results of a study involving 101 experienced train drivers indicates that drivers with low selective attention, low fluid intelligence, and low verbal reasoning perform worse on a train simulator driving assessment than drivers who are higher in these cognitive abilities. The results from this study provide direction for future rail safety research and guidance for practitioners responsible for assessing and selecting train drivers.
Practitioner points
Safe and effective train driving performance relies on drivers with high selective attention, fluid intelligence, and verbal reasoning abilities.
The combination of these three cognitive abilities explains 28% of the variance in train driving performance.
Cognitive ability tests, unlike personality tests, cannot be “faked good” by job candidates making them ideal for train driver selection purposes.
Image processing is used to enhance apparent field marks in video footage that was obtained during three encounters with birds that were identified in the field as Ivory-billed Woodpeckers ...(Campephilus principalis). Previous analysis of the videos was based on characteristics that are resolved in the raw footage, such as flight path, wing motion, flap rate, behaviors, field marks, and body proportions. Adjusting parameters such as brightness, contrast, and color reveals features consistent with the left dorsal stripe, black leading edges on the dorsal surfaces of the wings, and a red crest that would be consistent with a male of the species. It may be possible to extract additional features from other parts of the videos by applying more advanced processing that allows greater control and analysis of the parameters.
Relationships between neuroimaging measures and behavior provide important clues about brain function and cognition in healthy and clinical populations. While electroencephalography (EEG) provides a ...portable, low cost measure of brain dynamics, it has been somewhat underrepresented in the emerging field of model-based inference. We seek to address this gap in this article by highlighting the utility of linking EEG and behavior, with an emphasis on approaches for EEG analysis that move beyond focusing on peaks or "components" derived from averaging EEG responses across trials and subjects (generating the event-related potential, ERP). First, we review methods for deriving features from EEG in order to enhance the signal within single-trials. These methods include filtering based on user-defined features (i.e., frequency decomposition, time-frequency decomposition), filtering based on data-driven properties (i.e., blind source separation, BSS), and generating more abstract representations of data (e.g., using deep learning). We then review cognitive models which extract latent variables from experimental tasks, including the drift diffusion model (DDM) and reinforcement learning (RL) approaches. Next, we discuss ways to access associations among these measures, including statistical models, data-driven joint models and cognitive joint modeling using hierarchical Bayesian models (HBMs). We think that these methodological tools are likely to contribute to theoretical advancements, and will help inform our understandings of brain dynamics that contribute to moment-to-moment cognitive function.
PurposeParadoxical leadership concerns competing yet interrelated leader behaviors in response to conflicting workplace demands. Emerging research examines the outcomes of paradoxical leadership, yet ...less is known about its antecedents. This article aims to examine the combined effect of leader fluid intelligence, trait anxiety and trait anger, on transformational leadership and abusive supervision as contrasting paradoxical leader behaviors.Design/methodology/approachThis study involves 157 leader–manager dyads, and 137 leader–follower teams utilizing a cross-correlational, time-lagged, online survey design.FindingsResults indicate that leader fluid intelligence moderates the relationship between leader trait emotions and behavior such that low fluid intelligence and high trait anxiety results in manager perceptions of low transformational leadership, while low fluid intelligence and high trait anger results in follower perceptions of high abusive supervision.Originality/valueThe results suggest that fluid intelligence is a common factor that determines how leader trait emotions (anxiety and anger) are expressed through paradoxical leader behaviors as perceived by different hierarchical observers (i.e. a leader's superior and subordinates).
Endosomes are dynamic intracellular compartments that control the sorting of a constant stream of different transmembrane cargos either for ESCRT‐mediated degradation or for egress and recycling to ...compartments such as the Golgi and the plasma membrane. The recycling of cargos occurs within tubulovesicular membrane domains and is facilitated by peripheral membrane protein machineries that control both membrane remodelling and selection of specific transmembrane cargos. One of the primary sorting machineries is the Retromer complex, which controls the recycling of a large array of different cargo molecules in cooperation with various sorting nexin (SNX) adaptor proteins. Recently a Retromer‐like complex was also identified that controls plasma membrane recycling of cargos including integrins and lipoprotein receptors. Termed “Retriever,” this complex uses a different SNX family member SNX17 for cargo recognition, and cooperates with the COMMD/CCDC93/CCDC22 (CCC) complex to form a larger assembly called “Commander” to mediate endosomal trafficking. In this review we focus on recent advances that have begun to provide a molecular understanding of these two distantly related transport machineries.
The Retromer and Retriever complexes are structurally related protein assemblies that both play major roles in the sorting of transmembrane cargo proteins through endosomal compartments. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the molecular structures of these complexes and their known regulatory interactions, as well as the similarities and differences in their functions in endosomal trafficking.
Neuronal activity regulates the transcription and translation of the immediate-early gene Arc/Arg3.1, a key mediator of synaptic plasticity. Proteasome-dependent degradation of Arc tightly limits its ...temporal expression, yet the significance of this regulation remains unknown. We disrupted the temporal control of Arc degradation by creating an Arc knockin mouse (ArcKR) where the predominant Arc ubiquitination sites were mutated. ArcKR mice had intact spatial learning but showed specific deficits in selecting an optimal strategy during reversal learning. This cognitive inflexibility was coupled to changes in Arc mRNA and protein expression resulting in a reduced threshold to induce mGluR-LTD and enhanced mGluR-LTD amplitude. These findings show that the abnormal persistence of Arc protein limits the dynamic range of Arc signaling pathways specifically during reversal learning. Our work illuminates how the precise temporal control of activity-dependent molecules, such as Arc, regulates synaptic plasticity and is crucial for cognition.
Display omitted
•Mutation of Arc ubiquitination sites slows Arc degradation•Arc knockin mice have enhanced mGluR-LTD•The persistence of Arc reduces cognitive flexibility
Ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of Arc tightly limits its temporal expression, yet the significance of this regulation remains unknown. We generated a mouse disrupting the temporal control of Arc removal (ArcKR). ArcKR mice exhibit enhanced mGluR-LTD and have impaired cognitive flexibility.
Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words 'sport nutrition'. ...Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult.
This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches.
This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.
Metabolic adaptation is essential for cell survival during nutrient deprivation. We report that eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K), which is activated by AMP-kinase (AMPK), confers cell ...survival under acute nutrient depletion by blocking translation elongation. Tumor cells exploit this pathway to adapt to nutrient deprivation by reactivating the AMPK-eEF2K axis. Adaptation of transformed cells to nutrient withdrawal is severely compromised in cells lacking eEF2K. Moreover, eEF2K knockdown restored sensitivity to acute nutrient deprivation in highly resistant human tumor cell lines. In vivo, overexpression of eEF2K rendered murine tumors remarkably resistant to caloric restriction. Expression of eEF2K strongly correlated with overall survival in human medulloblastoma and glioblastoma multiforme. Finally, C. elegans strains deficient in efk-1, the eEF2K ortholog, were severely compromised in their response to nutrient depletion. Our data highlight a conserved role for eEF2K in protecting cells from nutrient deprivation and in conferring tumor cell adaptation to metabolic stress.
Display omitted
Display omitted
•eEF2K is required for cell survival under acute nutrient deprivation•AMPK-eEF2K reactivation supports adaptation of transformed cells to nutrient stress•eEF2K expression predicts poor prognosis in aggressive brain tumors•Efk1 (eEF2K ortholog) promotes survival of C. elegans under nutrient deprivation
Tumor cells adapt to the stress of nutrient deprivation by increasing the activity of translation elongation factor 2 kinase (eEF2K), which protects cells from apoptosis by inhibiting the elongation step of mRNA translation.
Improving the efficacy of influenza vaccination in older adults is a challenge. In this randomized clinical trial, a high-dose influenza vaccine was shown to be more effective than a standard-dose ...vaccine in the prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza.
Between 1990 and 1999, seasonal influenza caused an average of 36,000 deaths and 226,000 hospitalizations per year in the United States.
1
–
3
Adults 65 years of age or older are particularly vulnerable to complications associated with influenza and account for most seasonal influenza–related hospitalizations and deaths.
2
,
3
Although vaccination currently represents the most effective intervention against influenza and associated complications,
3
,
4
antibody response and protection elicited by the vaccine are lower among persons 65 years of age or older than among younger adults.
5
–
7
Strategies to improve antibody responses to influenza vaccine in the older population, such as increasing the . . .
Ependymal tumors across age groups are currently classified and graded solely by histopathology. It is, however, commonly accepted that this classification scheme has limited clinical utility based ...on its lack of reproducibility in predicting patients’ outcome. We aimed at establishing a uniform molecular classification using DNA methylation profiling. Nine molecular subgroups were identified in a large cohort of 500 tumors, 3 in each anatomical compartment of the CNS, spine, posterior fossa, supratentorial. Two supratentorial subgroups are characterized by prototypic fusion genes involving RELA and YAP1, respectively. Regarding clinical associations, the molecular classification proposed herein outperforms the current histopathological classification and thus might serve as a basis for the next World Health Organization classification of CNS tumors.
Display omitted
•DNA methylation profiling of ependymomas identifies nine molecular subgroups•YAP1 and RELA fusions characterize two distinct groups of supratentorial ependymoma•Patients with PFA or supratentorial RELA-positive ependymoma show dismal prognosis•Risk stratification by molecular subgrouping is superior to histological grading
Pajtler et al. classify 500 ependymal tumors using DNA methylation profiling into nine molecular subgroups. This molecular classification outperforms the current histopathological grading in the risk stratification of patients.
PDF
