Historically, sport has been viewed as an apolitical space where organizers, managers, coaches, spectators, and sponsors expected athletes to focus solely on their performance and adhere to ...functionalist origins of the activity, including physical fitness benefits, character building, teamwork, and social entertainment. Despite these various positive attributes, the institution of sport does not operate in isolation from broader society. Instead, sport serves as a site where societal inequalities such as racism, sexism, economic stratification, and other forms of oppression are reproduced, exacerbated, and/or ignored. Throughout history, several African American athletes, sport scholar activists, sport institutions, and entrepreneurs have critically reflected upon this arrangement and courageously engaged in actions to promote social justice within and beyond sporting spaces. Recent actions by African American athletes across participation levels have raised questions about the term activism and how it is applied to certain actions. In an effort to foster a deeper understanding of this phenomenon, the purpose of this article is to present a typology that delineates different forms of African American sport activism. The proposed typology outlines five categories: (1) symbolic activism; (2) scholarly activism; (3) grassroots activism; (4) sport-based activism; and (5) economic activism. Implications for future engagement and research are discussed.
Abstract
One approach for measuring the potential biodiversity in new urban construction projects is through ecological models that predict how wildlife will respond. For the United Kingdom, such ...models have only been developed for birds, but to maximise the extent to which models represent overall biodiversity, species from different indicator groups must be considered.
Here, we assess this possibility for butterflies by combining citizen science survey data with high‐resolution digital maps. We derive detailed characteristics of urban landscapes around survey sites using previously established methods and quantify their relationship to counts of adults of 18 butterfly species in urban and peri‐urban settings.
Higher butterfly counts were found when traversing urban sites with larger areas of semi‐natural grassland, other managed greenspaces and adjacent arable land. Most of the butterfly community were found to have negative relationships with highly built‐up or fragmented landscapes.
We found high species‐specificity for different details of urban form, particularly in habitat elements such as gardens, vegetation around railways and grass verges.
Policy implications
. Improving biodiversity is now part of legislation governing new construction projects from England and Wales. However, predicting quantitative changes from hypothetical land‐use modifications remains challenging. Our models provide the foundation through which butterfly abundance could be integrated into an urban biodiversity assessment tool, providing species‐ and community‐level statistics to non‐specialists from the urban planning and design sector. This would allow them to hone configurations for built surfaces, private gardens, greenspaces and wildlife areas and assess their capacity to provide residents with the intended access to nature.
As the histories of psychiatry, neurology, and neuroimaging interweave through time, psychiatry has only recently started to recognize the need to embrace neuroimaging like its sibling specialty. ...While imaging in psychiatric research is well accepted, there is current clinical utility as well. Standards for psychiatry residency and board certification in the USA and abroad have carved out a place for neuroimaging, but the implementation is variable and sparse in the USA. The few publications that describe neuroimaging teaching to psychiatrists have barriers to widespread adoption, and no comprehensive curricular solution has been developed. In this context, we describe some of the barriers and propose solutions to shape the future of neuroimaging education for psychiatrists.As the histories of psychiatry, neurology, and neuroimaging interweave through time, psychiatry has only recently started to recognize the need to embrace neuroimaging like its sibling specialty. While imaging in psychiatric research is well accepted, there is current clinical utility as well. Standards for psychiatry residency and board certification in the USA and abroad have carved out a place for neuroimaging, but the implementation is variable and sparse in the USA. The few publications that describe neuroimaging teaching to psychiatrists have barriers to widespread adoption, and no comprehensive curricular solution has been developed. In this context, we describe some of the barriers and propose solutions to shape the future of neuroimaging education for psychiatrists.
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) represents the most common type of dementia and is becoming a steadily increasing challenge for health systems globally. Inflammation is developing as the main focus of ...research into Alzheimer's disease and has been demonstrated to be a major driver of the pathologies associated with AD. This evidence introduces an interesting research question, whether chronic inflammation due to pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) could lead to a higher risk of developing dementia. In both IBD and RA, increased levels of the inflammatory biomarker C-reactive protein (CRP) can be highlighted, the latter being directly implicated in neuroinflammation and AD. In this meta-analysis both the association between chronic inflammatory diseases and elevated levels of CRP during midlife were investigated to examine if they correlated with an augmented risk of dementia. Moreover, the association between increased CRP and modifications in the permeability of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) in the presence of CRP is explored. The results displayed that the odds ratio for IBD and dementia was 1.91 1.15-3.15, for RA it was 1.90 1.09-3.32 following sensitivity analysis and for CRP it was 1.62 1.22-2.15. These results demonstrate a higher risk of dementia in patients presenting chronic inflammation and that exists an independent association with high CRP in midlife. This paper builds on published research that suggest a critical role for CRP both in stroke and AD and provides an analysis on currently published research on multiple diseases (IBD and RA) in which CRP is raised as well as chronically elevated. CRP and the associated risk of dementia and further research indicated that the monomeric form of CRP can infiltrate the BBB/be released from damaged micro-vessels to access the brain. This meta-analysis provides first-time evidence that chronic elevation of CRP in autoimmune diseases is directly associated with an increased risk of later development of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, greater priority should be provided to the effective control of inflammation in patients with chronic inflammatory or autoimmune conditions and further long-term assessment of circulating CRP might inform of an individual's relative risk of developing dementia.
Aiming to accelerate the acquisition of clinical neuroscience literacy for this cohort, we set forth fundamental principles by which to structure continuing education curricula, based on a ...psychological and neuroscientific understanding of all learning. Expecting these competencies from practicing psychiatrists would promote state-of-the-art practice and provide benefits to patients. Case examples highlighting the clinical neuroscience milestone sub-competencies Clinical Neuroscience Milestone Sub-Competencies - Level 4 Curricular Elements on Which This Sub-Competency is Based Patient Example 1 32-year-old woman with first episode psychosis and moments of unresponsiveness Patient Example 2 60-year-old man with a first-lifetime depressive episode, memory complaints, and non-threatening visual hallucinations with intact insight Correlates the significance of neuroimaging, neurophysiological, and neuropsychological testing results to case formulation and treatment planning Knows the common examples of such tests, their indications, and how to interpret findings of significance Example tests that might be considered ...to the training cohort, the psychiatric workforce is primarily oriented toward clinical practice over education. ...CME must fit into practitioners’ lives and active practices.
•Bird count predictions are derived from real-world urban development plans.•Methods are readily applicable to examine how tweaks to the development plan affect predictions.•Individual species, or ...species groups can be assessed for the predicted impact of different land-use patterns.•No scenario provided consistent changes in bird diversity across all sites, highlighting the need for site-by-site approaches to biodiversity net-gain.
If urban environments are designed from the outset to be biodiversity-friendly, they can support resilient wildlife communities, improve the wellbeing of inhabitants, and reduce overall costs due to a reduced need for buying compensatory land. Urban planners might best design productive green infrastructure through predictive tools that output rapid, quantitative, and reliable wildlife statistics from digitized plans. Here, we demonstrate how species-habitat models could provide the foundation for such a tool. We took plans for nine housing developments across England and Wales and integrated them with high-resolution digital maps to derive the urban landscape measures used to parameterise previously developed species-habitat models. We produced predictions of abundance for 55 common bird species per development, which we summarised into bird trait groups and overall diversity. We compared predictions between planned developments and designs with alterations to greenspace, woodland, and housing configuration in five scenarios. We found that biodiversity predictions for actual plans were lower than at least one scenario per development, but that the scenario that achieved the highest species diversity varied between sites. This indicates that optimal solutions for bird diversity depend upon the biophysical context of each planned development. We believe that this framework could provide a cost-effective and data-driven approach to support green infrastructure and be of particular importance for urban planners in jurisdictions where such considerations are mandatory.
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