The development and adjustment correlates of parent—child social (parent, child, and others present) and dyadic time (only parent and child present) from age 8 to 18 were examined. Mothers, fathers, ...and firstborns and secondborns from 188 White families participated in both home and nightly phone interviews. Social time declined across adolescence, but dyadic time with mothers and fathers peaked in early and middle adolescence, respectively. In addition, secondborns' social time declined more slowly than firstborns', and gendered time use patterns were more pronounced in boys and in opposite-sex sibling dyads. Finally, youths who spent more dyadic time with their fathers, on average, had higher general self-worth, and changes in social time with fathers were positively linked to changes in social competence.
This study examined the developmental course and adjustment correlates of time with peers from age 8 to 18. On seven occasions over 8 years, the two eldest siblings from 201 European American, ...working- and middle-class families provided questionnaire and/or phone diary data. Multilevel models revealed that girls' time with mixed-/opposite-sex peers increased beginning in middle childhood, but boys' time increased beginning in early adolescence. For both girls and boys, time with same-sex peers peaked in middle adolescence. At the within-person level, unsupervised time with mixed-/opposite-sex peers longitudinally predicted problem behaviors and depressive symptoms, and supervised time with mixed-/opposite-sex peers longitudinally predicted better school performance. Findings highlight the importance of social context in understanding peer involvement and its implications for youth development.
Job satisfaction is one of the most frequently studied outcomes in the work–family conflict literature. This study extends the previous research examining the unique effects of work interfering with ...family (WIF) and family interfering with work (FIW) on job satisfaction by (1) controlling for family, personal, and job characteristics of dual‐earner couples, (2) employing cross‐sectional and longitudinal methods, and (3) predicting job satisfaction with a spousal rating of the target's WIF. Consistent with previous research, WIF was related to job satisfaction cross‐sectionally for men and women, and this effect existed beyond negative mood, job autonomy and monotony, and FIW. When predicting a change in job satisfaction a year later, and when using spouse rating of the target's WIF, WIF was predictive of women's job satisfaction but not men's, which is consistent with gender role theory. The fact that WIF predicted job satisfaction for women beyond affective and job characteristic variables, over time, and with non‐self reported measures, provides more confidence in this directional relationship than could previously be assumed. Societal and managerial implications are discussed.
Longitudinal patterns in parents' reports of youth decision-making autonomy from ages 9 to 20 were examined in a study of 201 European American families with 2 offspring. Multilevel modeling analyses ...revealed that decision-making autonomy increased gradually across middle childhood and adolescence before rising sharply in late adolescence. Social domain theory was supported by analyses of 8 decision types spanning prudential, conventional, personal, and multifaceted domains. Decision making was higher for girls, youth whom parents perceived as easier to supervise, and youth with better educated parents. Firstborns and secondborns had different age-related trajectories of decision-making autonomy. Findings shed light on the developmental trajectories and family processes associated with adolescents' fundamental task of gaining autonomy.
Study goals were to assess: (a) the development of academic interests from middle childhood through late adolescence; (b) the degree to which junior high and high school transitions, parents' ...educational expectations, interests, and education were related to changes in academic interests; and (c) the longitudinal links between youths' academic interests and school grades. Participants were mothers, fathers, and 2 siblings from 201 White working-class and middle-class families who were interviewed in their homes on up to 9 annual occasions. Multilevel model analyses revealed overall declines in youths' interests over time, with boys showing more rapid decline than girls. Mothers' educational expectations were positively related to youths' interests, and youths' interests declined less when fathers had more education. The transition to junior high, but not high school, was linked to decline in interests, but this was buffered by mothers' academic interests. Declines in youths' academic interests were linked to declines in school grades.
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Any parent who has raised more than one child is likely to be keenly aware of subtle or even striking differences among their offspring. The central premise of this volume is that children bring ...personal qualities to their relationships with other family members that help shape family interaction, relationships, and even processes that family researchers have called "parenting." The chapters address how children's personal qualities make their mark on families in ways that may in turn influence children's subsequent development.
The volume is based on the presentations and discussions from a national symposium on "Children's influence on family dynamics: The neglected side of family relationships" held at the Pennsylvania State University, as the ninth in a series of annual interdisciplinary symposia focused on family issues. It is divided into four parts, each dealing with a different aspect of the topic. Part I sets the stage by focusing on the features of children that make a difference, as well as the kinds of research designs that are likely to shed light on the role of child influences. Part II focuses on early childhood, particularly the role of infant temperament and other individual differences in very young children in shaping their parents' behaviors, reactions in turn that feedback and influence the developing child. Part III focuses on adolescence, a time when young people are able to exert more choice in how they spend their time and who they spend it with. Part IV pulls the themes of the volume together and points the way for future research.
Contents: Preface. Part I: What Features of Children Shape Family Relationships and How? D. Reiss, Child Effects on Family Systems: Behavioral Genetic Strategies. K. McCartney, On the Meaning of Models: A Signal Amidst the Noise. X. Ge, M.B. Donnellan, L. Harper, Are We Finally Ready to Move Beyond "Nature vs. Nurture"? J.R. Udry, How to Spin Straw Into Gold. Part II: What Role Does Infant and Early Childhood Temperament Play in the Development of Relationship With Parents? S. Crockenberg, E. Leerkes, Infant Negative Emotionality, Caregiving, and Family Relationships. C.A. Stifter, Child Effects on the Family: An Example of the Extreme Case and a Question of Methodology. J.P. McHale, K.C. Kavanaugh, J.M. Berkman, Sensitivity to Infants' Cues: As Much a Mandate for Researchers as for Parents. P.M. Cole, The Developmental Course From Child Effects to Child Effectiveness. Part III: What Roles Do Adolescents Play in Actively Shaping Relationships With Parents, Siblings, and Peers? M. Kerr, H. Stattin, Parenting of Adolescents: Action or Reaction? E.G. Menaghan, On the Brink: Stability and Change in Parent-Child Relations in Adolescence. G.H. Brody, Parental Monitoring: Action and Reaction. D.M. Capaldi, Parental Monitoring: A Person-Environment Interaction Perspective on This Key Parenting Skill. M. Kerr, H. Stattin, Straw Men, Untested Assumptions, and Bi-directional Models: A Response to Capaldi and Brody. Part IV: How Do Children Affect Parents' Marriage and Other Family Relationships? E.E. Maccoby, The Gender of Child and Parent as Factors in Family Dynamics. S.M. McHale, A.C. Crouter, How Do Children Exert an Impact on Family Life? H. Stattin, M. Kerr, Eleanor E. Maccoby on the Active Child: Gender Differences and Family Interactions. E.E. Maccoby, Reply to Stattin--Kerr Critique. N.R. Crick, A Gender-Balanced Approach to the Study of Childhood Aggression and Reciprocal Family Influences. L. Shanahan, J.M. Sobolewski, Child Effects as Family Process.
Most research on the developmental correlates of gendered vocational aspirations and attainment utilizes cross-sectional designs and begins in adolescence or later. This study used longitudinal data ...collected from U.S. youth from age 11 to 26 to: (1) chart their gendered vocational development, that is, the gender typicality of vocational aspirations in middle childhood and adolescence and attainment in young adulthood; and (2) examine childhood gendered attributes as predictors of gendered vocational development. Results revealed that gendered vocational development differed for men and women: women's aspirations in childhood and adolescence were less gender-typical compared to their vocational fields attained in young adulthood, whereas men's remained gender-typical from childhood to young adulthood. Further, childhood attributes predicted aspirations and attainment and their developmental trajectory.
•Gendered vocational development from childhood to adulthood differed for men and women.•Females aspired to less but entered more stereotypical vocational fields.•Males aspired to and attained stereotypical vocational fields from childhood to adulthood.•Childhood attributes predicted gendered aspirations and attainment.•Childhood gender-typical skills predicted gendered vocational developmental trajectory.
Objective: In the United States, underemployment is more common among ethnic minorities, especially African Americans. At the same time, African American couples are at higher risks of marital ...difficulties than other racial/ethnic groups. This study used a dyadic approach to examine implications of underemployment, as perceived by African American mothers and fathers, for their own and their partners' couple relationship experiences, including relational love and coparenting satisfaction. The vulnerability-stress-adaptation framework of couple relationships guided tests of moderation by depressive symptoms, work hours, workplace discrimination, and expressive personality. Method: The sample included 164 African American dual-earner parents (mean age = 40.53 and 43.11 for mothers and fathers) who were interviewed on two occasions across two years. Actor-partner interdependence modeling was used for the analyses. Results: Fathers' underemployment perceptions negatively predicted their own reports of love and coparenting satisfaction. Significant interactions indicated that the negative effects of fathers' perceived underemployment on their own relational love were stronger for fathers with more depressive symptoms, and, for less expressive mothers, on mothers' love and coparenting satisfaction. However, mothers' perceived underemployment was a positive predictor of mothers' love when they worked fewer hours and a negative predictor of mothers' coparenting satisfaction when they had high expressive personality. Conclusion: Implications of underemployment experiences for couple relationships differ across gender and need to be considered in the context of partners' vulnerabilities, adaptive characteristics and other stressors. Findings advance understanding of underemployment and work-marriage linkages among African Americans, and highlight the utility of a dyadic approach.
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Work and Family in the 1990s Perry-Jenkins, Maureen; Repetti, Rena L.; Crouter, Ann C.
Journal of marriage and family,
November 2000, Volume:
62, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This review highlights four themes emerging from the work and family literature of the 1990s. The first theme evolves from the historical legacy of the maternal employment literature with its focus ...on children's well-being. The second theme, work socialization, is based on the premise that occupational conditions, such as autonomy and complexity, shape the values of workers who in turn generalize these lessons off the job. Research on work stress, the third theme, explores how experiences of short- and long-term stress at work make their mark on workers' behavior and well-being off the job. Finally, the multiple roles literature focuses on how individuals balance roles, such as parent, spouse, and worker, and the consequences for health and family relationships. In addition to these four major themes, advances in work and family policy initiatives over the past decade are discussed. Suggestions for future research focus on addressing issues of causality, attending to the complexity of social contexts, linking research to policy, and developing interdisciplinary theories and research designs.
Gendered occupational segregation remains prevalent across the world. Although research has examined factors contributing to the low number of women in male-typed occupations – namely science, ...technology, engineering, and math – little longitudinal research has examined the role of childhood experiences in both young women's and men's later gendered occupational attainment. This study addressed this gap in the literature by examining family gender socialization experiences in middle childhood – namely parents' attitudes and work and family life – as contributors to the gender typicality of occupational attainment in young adulthood. Using data collected from mothers, fathers, and children over approximately 15years, the results revealed that the associations between childhood socialization experiences (~10years old) and occupational attainment (~26years old) depended on the sex of the child. For sons but not daughters, mothers' more traditional attitudes toward women's roles predicted attaining more gender-typed occupations. In addition, spending more time with fathers in childhood predicted daughters attaining less and sons acquiring more gender-typed occupations in young adulthood. Overall, evidence supports the idea that childhood socialization experiences help to shape individuals' career attainment and thus contribute to gender segregation in the labor market.
•Childhood experiences predicted gendered occupational attainment in young adulthood.•Sons of mothers with more gendered attitudes acquired more gender-typed occupations.•For girls, more childhood time with fathers predicted less gender-typed occupations.•For boys, more childhood time with fathers predicted more gender-typed occupations.
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