Background. Using a multicenter, active surveillance network from 2 rotavirus seasons (2012 and 2013), we assessed the vaccine effectiveness of RV5 (RotaTeq) and RV1 (Rotarix) rotavirus vaccines in ...preventing rotavirus gastroenteritis hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits for numerous demographic and secular strata. Methods. We enrolled children hospitalized or visiting the ED with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) for the 2012 and 2013 seasons at 7 medical institutions. Stool specimens were tested for rotavirus by enzyme immunoassay and genotyped, and rotavirus vaccination histories were compared for rotavirus-positive cases and rotavirus-negative AGE controls. We calculated the vaccine effectiveness (VE) for preventing rotavirus associated hospitalizations and ED visits for each vaccine, stratified by vaccine dose, season, clinical setting, age, predominant genotype, and ethnicity. Results. RV5-specific VE analyses included 2961 subjects, 402 rotavirus cases (14%) and 2559 rotavirus-negative AGE controls. RV1-specific VE analyses included 904 subjects, 100 rotavirus cases (11%), and 804 rotavirus-negative AGE controls. Over the 2 rotavirus seasons, the VE for a complete 3-dose vaccination with RV5 was 80% (confidence interval CI, 74%–84%), and VE for a complete 2-dose vaccination with RV1 was 80% (CI, 68%–88%). Statistically significant VE was observed for each year of life for which sufficient data allowed analysis (7 years for RV5 and 3 years for RV1). Both vaccines provided statistically significant genotype-specific protection against predominant circulating rotavirus strains. Conclusions. In this large, geographically and demographically diverse sample of US children, we observed that RV5 and RV1 rotavirus vaccines each provided a lasting and broadly heterologous protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis.
Most U.S. acute gastroenteritis (AGE) episodes in children are attributed to norovirus, whereas very little information is available on adenovirus 40/41 (AdV40/41), astrovirus or sapovirus. The New ...Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) conducted prospective, active, population-based AGE surveillance in young children.
We tested and typed stool specimens collected between December 2011 to June 2016 from one NVSN site in Kansas City for the three viruses, and calculated hospitalization and emergency department (ED) detection rate.
Of 3,205 collected specimens, 2,453 (76.5%) were from AGE patients (339 inpatients and 2,114 ED patients) and 752 (23.5%) were from healthy controls (HC). In AGE patients, astrovirus was detected in 94 (3.8%), sapovirus in 252 (10.3%) and AdV40/41 in 101 (4.5%) of 2249 patients. In HC, astrovirus was detected in 13 (1.7%) and sapovirus in 15 (2.0%) specimens. Astrovirus type 1 (37.7%) and genogroup I sapoviruses (59.3%) were most prevalent.Hospitalization rates were 5 (AdV40/41), 4 (astrovirus) and 8 (sapovirus) per 100,000 children <11 years old, whereas ED rates were 2.4 (AdV40/41), 1.9 (astrovirus) and 5.3 (sapovirus) per 1000 children <5 years old.
Overall, AdV40/41, astrovirus, and sapovirus were detected in 18.6% of AGE in a large pediatric hospital in Kansas City.
Community transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first detected in the United States in February 2020. By mid-March, all 50 states, the District of Columbia (DC), New York City ...(NYC), and four U.S. territories had reported cases of COVID-19. This report describes the geographic distribution of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases and related deaths reported by each U.S. state, each territory and freely associated state,* DC, and NYC during February 12-April 7, 2020, and estimates cumulative incidence for each jurisdiction. In addition, it projects the jurisdiction-level trajectory of this pandemic by estimating case doubling times on April 7 and changes in cumulative incidence during the most recent 7-day period (March 31-April 7). As of April 7, 2020, a total of 395,926 cases of COVID-19, including 12,757 related deaths, were reported in the United States. Cumulative COVID-19 incidence varied substantially by jurisdiction, ranging from 20.6 cases per 100,000 in Minnesota to 915.3 in NYC. On April 7, national case doubling time was approximately 6.5 days, although this ranged from 5.5 to 8.0 days in the 10 jurisdictions reporting the most cases. Absolute change in cumulative incidence during March 31-April 7 also varied widely, ranging from an increase of 8.3 cases per 100,000 in Minnesota to 418.0 in NYC. Geographic differences in numbers of COVID-19 cases and deaths, cumulative incidence, and changes in incidence likely reflect a combination of jurisdiction-specific epidemiologic and population-level factors, including 1) the timing of COVID-19 introductions; 2) population density; 3) age distribution and prevalence of underlying medical conditions among COVID-19 patients (1-3); 4) the timing and extent of community mitigation measures; 5) diagnostic testing capacity; and 6) public health reporting practices. Monitoring jurisdiction-level numbers of COVID-19 cases, deaths, and changes in incidence is critical for understanding community risk and making decisions about community mitigation, including social distancing, and strategic health care resource allocation.
Prior to the introduction of rotavirus vaccines in 2006, rotavirus was the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis among US children <5 years of age. In the first 7 years of vaccine use, both ...recommended rotavirus vaccines (RotaTeq RV5 and Rotarix RV1) have been shown to be highly effective in preventing outcomes of severe disease in US children in a variety of settings. In addition, substantial decreases in severe diarrheal disease in US children, exceeding the level expected based on vaccine coverage, as well as the extension of benefits to older age groups ineligible for vaccination have demonstrated both the direct and indirect impacts of vaccination in the USA.
Abstract
Background
Following the introduction of rotavirus immunization in 2006 in the United States, there were substantial declines in the domestic rotavirus disease burden. In this study, we ...assess the value for money achieved by the program in the decade following vaccine introduction.
Methods
We applied an age-specific, static, multicohort compartmental model to examine the impact and cost-effectiveness of the US rotavirus immunization program in children <5 years of age using healthcare utilization data from 2001 to 2015 inclusive. We calculated the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained from both a healthcare system and societal perspective.
Results
Declines in healthcare use associated with the rotavirus and acute gastroenteritis occurred from 2006 and continued to grow before stabilizing from 2010 through 2011. From 2011 to 2015, an estimated annual average of approximately 118 000 hospitalizations, 86 000 emergency department presentations, and 460 000 outpatient and physician office visits were prevented. From a societal perspective during this same period, the program was estimated to be cost saving in the base case model and in >90% of probabilistic sensitivity analysis simulations and from a healthcare system perspective >98% of simulations found an ICER below $100 000 per QALY gained.
Conclusions
After the program stabilized, we found the rotavirus immunization in the United States was likely to have been cost saving to society. The greater than expected healthcare and productivity savings reflect the success of the rotavirus immunization program in the United States.
Background. Gastroenteritis remains an important cause of morbidity in the United States. The burden of norovirus gastroenteritis in ambulatory US patients is not well understood. Methods. ...Cause-specified and cause-unspecified gastroenteritis emergency department (ED) and outpatient visits during July 2001—June 2009 were extracted from MarketScan insurance claim databases. By using cause-specified encounters, time-series regression models were fitted to predict the number of unspecified gastroenteritis visits due to specific pathogens other than norovirus. Model residuals were used to estimate norovirus visits. Market-Scan rates were extrapolated to the US population to estimate national ambulatory visits. Results. During 2001—2009, the estimated annual mean rates of norovirus-associated ED and outpatient visits were 14 and 57 cases per 10 000 persons, respectively, across all ages. Rates for ages 0—4, 5—17, 18—64, and ≥65 years were 38, 10, 12, and 15 ED visits per 10 000 persons, respectively, and 233, 85, 35, and 54 outpatient visits per 10 000 persons, respectively. Norovirus was estimated to cause 13% of all gastroenteritis-associated ambulatory visits, with ∼50% of such visits occurring during November—February. Nationally, norovirus contributed to approximately 400 000 ED visits and 1.7 million office visits annually, resulting in $284 million in healthcare charges. Conclusions. Norovirus is a substantial cause of gastroenteritis in the ambulatory setting.
A full course of rotavirus vaccination was statistically associated with an 18%–21% reduction in risk of seizure-related hospitalizations and emergency department visits in young US children. This ...reduction in seizures complements the well-documented vaccine-related benefit of preventing US diarrhea hospitalizations.
Background.
Rotavirus illness has been linked to childhood seizures. We investigated whether a protective association exists between receipt of rotavirus vaccine and being hospitalized or visiting the emergency department for seizures in the year after vaccination.
Methods.
We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of children born after 28 February 2006 (when rotavirus vaccine was licensed in the United States) and enrolled in the Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) through November 2009. Seizure rates from 4 to 55 weeks following last rotavirus vaccination were compared by vaccine exposure status (fully vaccinated and unvaccinated). A time-to-event analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model was performed, accounting for time-varying covariates. We calculated the relative incidence of seizure compared by vaccine exposure status during the postexposure interval.
Results.
Our cohort contained VSD data on 250 601 infants, including 186 502 children fully vaccinated (74.4%) and 64 099 (25.6%) not vaccinated with rotavirus vaccine. Rates of seizures were associated with rotavirus vaccination status. After adjusting for covariates (VSD site, age at last dose, sex, and calendar month of the index date), a statistically significant protective association was observed between a full course of rotavirus vaccination vs no vaccination for both first-ever seizures (risk ratio RR = 0.82; 95% confidence interval CI, .73–.91) and all seizures (RR = 0.79; 95% CI, .71–.88).
Conclusions.
A full course of rotavirus vaccination was statistically associated with an 18%–21% reduction in risk of seizure requiring hospitalization or emergency department care in the year following vaccination, compared with unvaccinated children. This reduction in childhood seizures complements the well-documented vaccine-related benefit of preventing US diarrhea hospitalizations.
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