The objective of this article was to provide an account of some of the developments related to saliva over the first 100 years of the Journal of Dental Research and to outline some of the many ...biomarkers identified in saliva in the last few years. The first section covers findings in salivary physiology, biochemistry, calcium phosphate chemistry related to saliva, microbiology, and the role of saliva in maintaining oral health. The second section highlights salivary diagnostics, salivaomics, and saliva exosomics in the context of the emerging theme of personalized and precision medicine.
This paper is a systematic review and meta-analysis on sexual orientation identity development milestones among people who are lesbian, gay, bisexual, or another sexual minority identity (LGB+). ...Common milestones measured in the 30 studies reviewed were becoming aware of queer attractions, questioning one’s sexual orientation, self-identifying as LGB+, coming out to others, engaging in sexual activity, and initiating a romantic relationship. Milestones occurred in different sequences, although attraction was almost always first, often followed by self-identification and/or sexual activity; coming out and initiating a romantic relationship often followed these milestones. Meta-analysis results showed that the mean effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals varied by milestone: attraction
M
age
=12.7 (10.1, 15.3), questioning one’s orientation
M
age
=13.2 12.8, 13.6), self-identifying
M
age
=17.8 (11.6, 24.0), sexual activity
M
age
=18.1 (17.6, 18.6), coming out
M
age
=19.6 (17.2, 22.0), and romantic relationship
M
age
=20.9 (13.2, 28.6). Nonetheless, results also showed substantial heterogeneity in the mean effect sizes. Additional meta-analyses showed that milestone timing varied by sex, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and birth cohort. Although patterns were found in LGB+ identity development, there was considerable diversity in milestone trajectories.
Abstract
The time delay between multiple images of strongly lensed quasars is a powerful tool for measuring the Hubble constant (
H
0
). To achieve
H
0
measurements with higher precision and accuracy ...using the time delay, it is crucial to expand the sample of lensed quasars. We conduct a search for strongly lensed quasars in the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) Legacy Imaging Surveys. The DESI Legacy Surveys comprise 19,000 deg
2
of the extragalactic sky observed in three optical bands (
g
,
r
, and
z
), making it well suited for the discovery of new strongly lensed quasars. We apply an autocorrelation algorithm to ∼5 million objects classified as quasars in the DESI Quasar Sample. These systems are visually inspected and ranked. Here, we present 436 new multiply lensed and binary quasar candidates, 65 of which have redshifts from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 16. We provide redshifts for an additional 18 candidates from the SuperNova Integral Field Spectrograph.
Highlights • A narrative review was carried out of the functions of human saliva. • Saliva moistens and lubricates the mouth and is important for taste and smell. • Saliva protects the teeth and the ...oral and oesophageal mucosa in many ways. • Saliva has antibacterial and wound healing properties.
Xerostomia, the subjective sensation of dry mouth, occurs when the salivary flow rate is less than the rate of fluid loss from the mouth by evaporation and by absorption of water through the oral ...mucosa. Evaporation can only occur during mouth-breathing but could reach a maximum rate of about 0.21 ml/min at rest, although normally it would be much less. Water absorption through the mucosa can occur because saliva has one sixth the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid, thus creating a water gradient across the mucosa. The maximum absorption rate is calculated to be about 0.19 ml/min, declining to zero as the saliva reaches isotonicity. A recent study found the residual saliva volume, the volume of saliva left in the mouth after swallowing, to be 71% of normal in patients with severe hyposalivation and whose mouths felt very dry. Saliva in the residual volume is present as a thin film which varies in thickness with site. The hard palate has the thinnest film and when this is <10 µm thick, evaporation during mouth-breathing and/or fluid absorption may rapidly decrease it to zero, resulting in xerostomia. This is also generally associated with reduced secretion from the soft palate minor glands, which may contribute to the film on the hard palate. Thus, xerostomia appears to be due, not to a complete absence of oral fluid, but to localized areas of mucosal dryness, notably in the palate. Unstimulated salivary flow rates >0.1–0.3 ml/min may be necessary for this condition to be avoided.
We report on an all-optical switch that operates at low light levels. It consists of laser beams counterpropagating through a warm rubidium vapor that induce an off-axis optical pattern. A switching ...laser beam causes this pattern to rotate even when the power in the switching beam is much lower than the power in the pattern. The observed switching energy density is very low, suggesting that the switch might operate at the single-photon level with system optimization. This approach opens the possibility of realizing a single-photon switch for quantum information networks and for improving transparent optical telecommunication networks.
Broadband SBS Slow Light in an Optical Fiber Zhaoming Zhu; Dawes, A.M.C.; Gauthier, D.J. ...
Journal of lightwave technology,
2007-Jan., 2007, 2007-01-00, 20070101, Volume:
25, Issue:
1
Journal Article, Conference Proceeding
Peer reviewed
In this paper, we investigate slow light via stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a room temperature optical fiber that is pumped by a spectrally broadened laser. Broadening the spectrum of the ...pump field increases the linewidth Deltaomega p of the Stokes amplifying resonance, thereby increasing the slow-light bandwidth. One physical bandwidth limitation occurs when the linewidth becomes several times larger than the Brillouin frequency shift Omega B so that the anti-Stokes absorbing resonance substantially cancels out the Stokes amplifying resonance and, hence, the slow-light effect. We find that partial overlap of the Stokes and anti-Stokes resonances can actually lead to an enhancement of the slow-light delay-bandwidth product when Deltaomega p sime1.3Omega B . Using this general approach, we increase the Brillouin slow-light bandwidth to over 12 GHz from its nominal linewidth of ~30 MHz obtained for monochromatic pumping. We controllably delay 75-ps-long pulses by up to 47 ps and study the data-pattern dependence of the broadband SBS slow-light system
Cancer genome sequencing has identified dozens of mutations with a putative role in lymphomagenesis and leukemogenesis. Validation of driver mutations responsible for B cell neoplasms is complicated ...by the volume of mutations worthy of investigation and by the complex ways that multiple mutations arising from different stages of B cell development can cooperate. Forward and reverse genetic strategies in mice can provide complementary validation of human driver genes and in some cases comparative genomics of these models with human tumors has directed the identification of new drivers in human malignancies. We review a collection of forward genetic screens performed using insertional mutagenesis, chemical mutagenesis and exome sequencing and discuss how the high coverage of subclonal mutations in insertional mutagenesis screens can identify cooperating mutations at rates not possible using human tumor genomes. We also compare a set of independently conducted screens from
mutant mice that converge upon a common set of mutations observed in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). We also discuss reverse genetic models and screens that use CRISPR-Cas, ORFs and shRNAs to provide high throughput
proof of oncogenic function, with an emphasis on models using adoptive transfer of
cultured cells. Finally, we summarize mouse models that offer temporal regulation of candidate genes in an
setting to demonstrate the potential of their encoded proteins as therapeutic targets.
Queer youth experience high rates of depression and suicidality. These disparities stem from stigma-based stressors, including
(i.e., negative social views that minoritized individuals internalize ...about their own identity). Given the importance of this factor in understanding mental health disparities among queer youth, we completed a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the relationships between internalized stigma and outcomes of depression and suicide risk (i.e., suicidal ideation, non-suicidal self-injury, and suicidal behavior).
We followed the PRISMA standards. Six bibliographic databases were searched for studies in the United States from September 2008 to March 2022. Dual independent screening of search results was performed based on a priori inclusion criteria.
A total of 22 studies were included for data extraction and review. Most studies examined general internalized homophobia, with few examining internalized biphobia or transphobia. Many studies examined depression as an outcome, few studies examined suicidal ideation or behavior, and no studies examined non-suicidal self-injury. Meta-analyses model results show the association between general internalized queer stigma and depressive symptoms ranged
= 0.19, 95% CI 0.14, 0.25 to
= 0.24, 95% CI 0.19, 0.29, the latter reflecting more uniform measures of depression. The association between internalized transphobia and depressive outcomes was small and positive (
= 0.21, 95% CI -0.24, 0.67). General internalized queer stigma and suicidal ideation had a very weak positive association (
= 0.07, 95% CI -0.27, 0.41) and an even smaller, weaker positive association with suicide attempt (
= 0.02, 95% CI 0.01, 0.03).
Implications for clinical practice, policy, and future research are discussed.
The aim of this paper was to perform a systematic review of the pathogenesis of medication‐induced salivary gland dysfunction (MISGD). Review of the identified papers was based on the standards ...regarding the methodology for systematic reviews set forth by the World Workshop on Oral Medicine IV and the PRISMA statement. Eligible papers were assessed for both the degree and strength of relevance to the pathogenesis of MISGD as well as on the appropriateness of the study design and sample size. A total of 99 papers were retained for the final analysis. MISGD in human studies was generally reported as xerostomia (the sensation of oral dryness) without measurements of salivary secretion rate. Medications may act on the central nervous system (CNS) and/or at the neuroglandular junction on muscarinic, α‐and β‐adrenergic receptors and certain peptidergic receptors. The types of medications that were most commonly implicated for inducing salivary gland dysfunction were those acting on the nervous, cardiovascular, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and alimentary systems. Although many medications may affect the salivary flow rate and composition, most of the studies considered only xerostomia. Thus, further human studies are necessary to improve our understanding of the association between MISGD and the underlying pathophysiology.
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