The findings by Yang-TI et al. suggested that macrolide-resistance and/or delayed appropriate antimicrobial treatment may contribute to the development of Mycoplasma pneumoniae-related ...extra-pulmonary diseases in children. Indeed, these conditions can have variable clinical expression and severity, and may arise in immunologically predisposed children after recurrent/persistent exposure to Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Macrolides are a large group of antibiotics characterised by the presence of a macro-lactone ring of variable size. The prototype of macrolide antibiotics, erythromycin was first produced by ...Streptomyces and associated species more than half a century ago; other related drugs were developed. These drugs have been shown to have several pharmacological properties: in addition to their antibiotic activity, they possess some anti-inflammatory properties and have been also considered against non-bacterial infections. In this review, we analysed the available clinical evidences regarding the potential anti-viral activity of macrolides, by focusing on erythromycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin. Overall, there is no significant evidences so far that macrolides might have a direct benefit on most of viral infections considered in this review (RSV, Influenza, coronaviruses, Ebola and Zika viruses). However, their clinical benefit cannot be ruled out without further and focused clinical studies. Macrolides may improve the clinical course of viral respiratory infections somehow, at least through indirect mechanisms relying on some and variable anti-inflammatory and/or immunomodulatory effects, in addition to their well-known antibacterial activity.
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is thought to be a multifactorial disease that includes a direct involvement of bacteria that trigger inflammation and contribute to CRS pathogenesis.
infection and ...persistence is associated with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and it may be particularly relevant in the form with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). The large array of exotoxins deployed by
is instrumental for the bacterium to warrant its infection and dissemination in different human body districts. Here, we analyze the common Th2 environment in CRSwNP and prospect a possible dynamic role played by
leukocidins in promoting this chronic inflammation, considering leukocidin ED (LukED) as a strong prototype candidate worth of therapeutic investigation. CCR5 is an essential target for LukED to exert its cytotoxicity towards T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Therefore, CCR5 blockade might be an interesting therapeutic option for CRS and, more specifically, persistent and relapsing CRSwNP. In this perspective, the arsenal of CCR5 antagonists being developed to inhibit HIV-1 entry (CCR5 being the major HIV-1 co-receptor) could be easily repurposed for CRS therapeutic investigation. Finally, direct targeting of LukED by neutralizing antibodies could represent an important additional solution to
infection.
Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is a potentially fatal complication of a number of rheumatological conditions, but few studies assessed it in juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM). Indeed, MAS is not ...considered as a frequent complication of JDM, but its occurrence could be under-estimated. In order to address this issue, we performed a revision of the available medical literature, describing and assessing patients with both MAS and JDM. After retrieving 253 records initially, 11 papers were selected as appropriate for our research objective, which provided a total of 12 patients affected with both MAS and JDM. Our pooled case series suggested that MAS in JDM may not be very rare, even though no final conclusion about its incidence and mortality rate can be made. However, JDM-related MAS seems to be difficult to treat, since methylprednisolone pulse therapy alone was not sufficient in most cases. Moreover, MAS in JDM patients often occurred at the onset of the rheumatic disease, before the final diagnosis of JDM could be established. Finally, MAS criteria validated for systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (sJIA) resulted to be a very useful guidance to diagnose MAS in JDM patients as well, but their reliability may not be absolute. Therefore, cohort and multicenter studies are needed to assess the incidence and improve the diagnostic criteria for MAS in JDM patients.
•Basophil homeostasis and function are affected by the therapy with omalizumab.•In asthmatic patients, omalizumab does not alter the pool of circulating basophil, but downregulates the FcεRI ...expression.•In CSU patients, omalizumab rapidly corrects the decrease of basophil number, in addition to downregulating FcεRI.•In the early phase, omalizumab therapy may increase the basophil intrinsic responsiveness in allergic patients.•In both asthma and CSU, the beneficial effects of omalizumab therapy may be partially due to basophil changes.
Omalizumab is an anti-IgE humanized monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of severe asthma and chronic spontaneous urticaria. Omalizumab binds free serum IgE and antagonizes its interaction with FcεRI, which is considered the main pharmacodynamic mechanism responsible for the clinical response to the treatment. The reduction of IgE serum concentration down-regulates the cellular expression of FcεRI on basophils. However, the biological events occurring on basophils during the therapy with omalizumab are multiple and complex. Here we review the current evidence regarding the specific biological effects of omalizumab on basophils in patients with asthma and chronic spontaneous urticaria. In addition to the modulation of IgE receptors, omalizumab may affect basophils homeostasis, intra-cellular signaling, cellular responsiveness/activation and cytokine release. These effects may be partially responsible for the clinical success of omalizumab and potentially provide useful biological markers for future assessment of the clinical response to the treatment. However, further investigation is required to better elucidate the role of basophils during the treatment with omalizumab.
Toll-like Receptors and Celiac Disease Talipova, Diana; Smagulova, Aiganym; Poddighe, Dimitri
International journal of molecular sciences,
12/2022, Volume:
24, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disorder triggered by dietary gluten intake in some genetically predisposed individuals; however, the additional non-HLA-related genetic factors implicated ...in CD immunopathogenesis are not well-defined. The role of the innate immune system in autoimmunity has emerged in the last few years. Genetic polymorphisms of some pattern-recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors (TLRs), have been associated with several autoimmune disorders. In this review, we summarize and discuss the evidence from basic research and clinical studies as regards the potential role of TLRs in CD immunopathogenesis. The evidence supporting the role of TLRs in CD immunopathogenesis is limited, especially in terms of basic research. However, differences in the expression and activation of TLRs between active CD patients from one side, and controls and treated CD patients from the other side, have been described in some clinical studies. Therefore, TLRs may be part of those non-HLA-related genetic factors implicated in CD etiopathogenesis, considering their potential role in the interaction between the host immune system and some environmental factors (including viral infections and gut microbiota), which are included in the list of candidate agents potentially contributing to the determination of CD risk in genetically predisposed individuals exposed to dietary gluten intake. Further basic research and clinical studies focused on TLRs in the context of CD and other gluten-related disorders are needed.
The human salivary microbiota includes hundreds of bacterial species. Alterations in gut microbiota have been explored in Celiac Disease (CD), but fewer studies investigated the characteristics of ...salivary microbiome in these patients, despite the potential implications in its pathogenesis. Indeed, some recent studies suggested that the partial digestion of gluten proteins by some bacteria may affect the array of gluten peptides reaching the gut and the way by which those are presented to the intestinal immune system. The available clinical studies investigating the salivary microbiota in children and adults, are insufficient to make any reliable conclusion, even though some bacterial species/phyla differences have been reported between celiac patients and controls. However, the salivary microbiome could correlate better with the duodenal microbiota, than the fecal one. Therefore, further clinical studies on salivary microbiome by different and independent research groups and including different populations, are advisable in order to explore the usefulness of the salivary microbiome analysis and understand some aspects of CD pathogenesis with potential clinical and practical implications.
Autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus, affect about 5% of the worldwide population. In the last decade, reports have accumulated on various autoimmune ...disorders, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, myopericarditis, primary ovarian failure, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), following vaccination. In this review, we discuss the possible underlying mechanisms of autoimmune reactions following vaccinations and review cases of autoimmune diseases that have been correlated with vaccination. Molecular mimicry and bystander activation are reported as possible mechanisms by which vaccines can cause autoimmune reactions. The individuals who might be susceptible to develop these reactions could be especially not only those with previous post-vaccination phenomena and those with allergies but also in individuals who are prone to develop autoimmune diseases, such as those with a family history of autoimmunity or with known autoantibodies, and the genetic predisposed individuals.
Further research is encouraged into the direct associations between vaccines and autoimmune conditions, and the biological mechanisms behind them.
PDF
