This book presents the importance of applying of novel genetics and breading technologies. The efficient genotype selections and gene transformations provide for generation of new and improved ...soybean cultivars, resistant to disease and environmental stresses. The book introduces also a few recent modern techniques and technologies for detection of plant stress and characterization of biomaterials as well as for processing of soybean food and oil products.
This book presents new aspects and technologies for the applicability of soybean and soybean products in industry (human food, livestock feed, oil and biodiesel production, textile, medicine) as well ...as for future uses of some soybean sub-products. The contributions are organized in two sections considering soybean in aspects of food, nutrition and health and modern processing technologies. Each of the sections covers a wide range of topics. The authors are from many countries all over the world and this clearly shows that the soybean research and applications are of global significance.
Two hyperspectral remote sensing techniques, spectral reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence, were used for the identification of biotic stress (sharka disease) in plum trees at an early stage ...without visible symptoms on the leaves. The research was focused on cultivars that are widely spread in Bulgaria: ‘Angelina’, ‘Black Diamond’ and ‘Mirabelle’. Hyperspectral reflectance and fluorescence data were collected by means of a portable multichannel fibre-optics spectrometer in the visible and near infrared spectral ranges (400-1000 nm). Statistical and deterministic analyses were applied for assessing the significance of the differences between the spectral data of healthy (control) and infected plum leaves. Comparative analyses were performed with complementary serological test DAS-ELISA, broadly implemented in plant virology. The strong relationship that was found between the results from the two remote sensing techniques and serological analysis indicates the applicability of hyperspectral reflectance and fluorescence techniques for conducting health condition assessments of vegetation easily and without damage before the appearance of visible symptoms.
The applicability of hyperspectral remote sensing technique, leaf spectral reflectance, for detection of latent infection in young apple trees caused by apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) was ...investigated. Apple trees, cultivar Florina, planted at the end of 2012 in the Kostinbrod region were used for the analyses. They developed without symptoms of viral infection of the aerial parts during the vegetation period. In the spring of 2013 twenty three trees of the orchard were checked for presence of ASGV infection using enzyme immunosorbent assay test DAS-ELISA. Five of the trees were not infected and were adopted as control. Also, non-destructive hyperspectral analyses of the reflected radiation from the leaf samples of the investigated trees were carried out. Spectral measurements were conducted with a portable fibre-optics spectrometer in the visible and near infrared spectral ranges (450-850 nm). Presence of ASGV was revealed by changes in the reflectance spectra in the green, red, red-edge, and near infrared spectral regions. Statistical analyses (Student t-test and cluster analysis) and first derivative were applied to assess the differences between reflectance data of control and infected trees. A clearly expressed correlation was found between the results from the spectral reflectance and serological analyses.Key words: hyperspectral leaf reflectance, apple trees, apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), DAS-ELISA
The influence of the environmental stress factors, salinity and enhanced UV-B radiation, on young nitrogen fixing soybean plants (Glycine max L.) was investigated by using hyperspectral reflectance ...data. Soybean is the leading oilseed crop produced and consumed worldwide. The soybean plants were grown in a growth clamber as water cultures on Helrigel nutrient solution. Three day's seedlings were inoculated with suspension of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 273. Salinity was performed at growth stage of 2 nd -4 th expanded leaves by adding of NaCl in the nutrient solution in concentrations 40 mM and 80 mM. Plants were divided into six groups. The first three groups consisted of untreated (control) and treated only with two NaCl concentrations plants. The other three groups (control and salinized) on the 14th day after the treatment were illuminated for four hours with UV-B radiation at intensity 64.4 μmol m -2 s -1 . Spectral reflectance was registered by a portable fiber-optic spectrometer in the visible and near infrared (NIR) spectral ranges (450-850 nm). Data were subjected to statistical analysis through the Student's t-criterion in four spectral ranges: green, red, red-edge and NIR (520-580 nm; 640-680 nm; 690-720 nm; 720-780 nm). The results from spectral reflectance and biochemical analysis (evaluated stress markers) revealed that both treatments (salinity and salinity + UV-B radiation) bring the plants to stress and to decline of the biological nitrogen fixation. The UV-B treatment decreases the salinity action and partly restores the physiological state of the plants.
Chlorophyll fluorescence technique was applied on young nitrogen fixing soybean plants (Glycine max L.) for detecting and assessment of the effects of two environmental stress factors - salinity and ...enhanced UV-B radiation. Biological nitrogen fixation by legume - Rhizobium symbiosis is important to agricultural productivity and is therefore of great economic interest. Soybean and soy foods attract worldwide attention for their potential health benefits and uses in food manufacturing. Soybean plants were grown under controlled conditions as water cultures on Helrigel nutrient solution. Three days seedlings were inoculated with suspension of Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain 273. Salinity was performed at the stage of 2 nd - 4 th trifoliate expanded leaves by adding of NaCl in the nutrient solution in concentrations 40 mM and 80 mM. On the 14 th day after the salinity treatment the half of the plants was treated with UV-B radiation at intensity of 64.4 μmol m -2 s -1 for four hours. Measurements were conducted on the same day. Hyperspectral fluorescence data were collected by a portable fiber-optic spectrometer in the visible and near infrared spectral ranges (600-900 nm). The spectral and statistical analysis was performed on fluorescence spectra normalized against the second maximum at five characteristic wavelengths. The statistical significance of the differences at p<;0.05 between data means of the control and treated plants were ascertained by the Student's t-criterion. In the case of only salinity treatment the differences were statistically significant for both NaCl concentrations at all wavelengths with the exception of the rear slope. For the combined treatment (salinity + UV-B radiation) the differences in the spectra are non-significant at two of the wavelengths (in the middle of forefront and rear slope).
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