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•Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are increasing in both ageing men and women.•Alfuzosin and vardenafil are recently co-administered for patients with LUTS.•First simultaneous ...method for alfuzosin & vardenafil based on spectrofluorimetry.•Micellar medium was used to enhance native fluorescence of drugs.•The method was applied to dosage forms and human biological samples.
A sensitive and direct spectrofluorimetric method was developed for simultaneous quantitation of two co-administered drugs, namely, alfuzosin hydrochloride (AFH) and vardenafil hydrochloride (VRH). Both drugs exhibited native fluorescence properties that could be exploited to assay them in biological fluids with high sensitivity. Spectrofluorimetric analysis of AFH and VRH is based on excitation of both drugs at 265 nm where emission spectra were recorded separately for AFH and VRH at 380 and 485 nm, respectively. Micellar trends in analytical chemistry were adopted to minimize both environmental and occupational hazards, using distilled water and sodium dodecyl sulphate (serves as a micellar medium that enhanced the sensitivity of AFH and VRH) for analysis of both drugs in their raw materials, tablets, and human biological fluids (plasma and urine). Linearity ranges were 1.0–16.0 and 10.0–700.0 ng mL−1 for AFH and VRH, respectively. The proposed method was successfully assessed for analysis of AFH and VRH in spiked human plasma and urine samples over the following concentrations: 1.0–12.0 ng mL−1 and 4.0–400.0 ng mL−1 for both drugs, simultaneously with mean recoveries of 101.08 % and 102.06 % in plasma and 96.75 % and 92.8 % in urine. Statistical analysis of the practical results has proved quite good agreement and revealed there were no significant differences in the accuracy and precision with those obtained by the comparison methods. The proposed method was applied successfully to Prostetrol® and Powerecta® commercial tablets without interference with tablet additives.
COVID-19 is a fast-spreading pandemic that is caused by SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogen. Combination therapy of the antiviral favipiravir and the anticoagulant apixaban is one of the efficient treatment ...regimens. Therefore, development of novel and sensitive methods for simultaneous analysis of such combination is highly advantageous. Herein, two eco-friendly, simple, rapid, and cost-effective spectrofluorometric methods were evolved for the estimation of favipiravir and apixaban in pharmaceutical and biological matrices. Method I was based on analysis of favipiravir and apixaban by the first-order derivative of the conventional fluorescence spectra obtained after excitation at 300 nm, where favipiravir and apixaban were detected at 468.8 and 432.0 nm, respectively. Method II relied on dual scan synchronous spectrofluorometry, in which favipiravir was determined at 364 nm using Δλ = 60 nm while apixaban was analyzed at 274 nm using Δλ = 200 nm. Method optimization was performed for selecting the optimum conditions at which maximum sensitivity and selectivity were obtained. This report is the first one that describes simultaneous analysis of favipiravir and apixaban by synchronous spectrofluorometry. The developed methods were successfully applied to evaluate favipiravir and apixaban in spiked human plasma and in pharmaceutical dosages with high %recoveries and low RSD.
The effect of acceptor energy level on electron transfer rate in blends of the polymer solar‐cell material ...poly4,8‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)oxybenzo1,2‐b:4,5‐b′dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl3‐fluoro‐2‐(2‐ethylhexyl)carbonylthieno3,4‐bthiophenediyl (PTB7) is studied using time‐resolved fluorescence. Fast electron transfer in less than 2 ps is observed for a driving force between 0.2 and 0.6 eV and the electron transfer is slower outside this range. This dependence is described by Marcus theory with a reorganization energy of ≈0.4 eV.
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•Direct spectrophotometric methods for determination of REM and FAV.•Application to Remdesivir® vials and Avipiravir tablets.•Four methods for simultaneous quantitation of REM and FAV ...in human plasma.•Derivative, dual wavelength, ratio subtraction, ratio derivative methods were used.•All methods were applied to determine REM and FAV in human plasma samples.
Remdesivir (REM) and Favipiravir (FAV) are recently approved antivirals prescribed in severely ill COVID-19 patients. Therefore, development of new, simple, rapid, sensitive, and selective methods for analysis of such drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations will be highly advantageous. Herein, we have developed different spectrophotometric methods for analysis of the studied analytes. Method I is based on direct spectrophotometric analysis of REM and FAV in ethanol at λmax 244 and 323 nm, respectively. For simultaneous quantitation of REM and FAV, methods II-V were followed. Method II is based on derivative spectrophotometry in which REM was determined in second-order derivative spectra at 248 nm (the zero-crossing wavelength for FAV), while FAV was measured in first-order derivative spectra at 337 nm (the zero-crossing point for REM). Method III is the dual-wavelength method in which spectral intensities were subtracted at 244–207 nm for REM and at 330–400 nm for FAV. Method IV is the ratio subtraction in which ratio spectra were obtained by a suitable divisor followed by subtraction of intensities at 272–340 nm and 335–222 nm for REM and FAV, respectively. Method V is the derivative ratio method in which the obtained ratio spectra in method IV were converted to first-order derivative and then REM and FAV were recorded at 280 and 340 nm, respectively. Calibration graphs were linear in the ranges of 1–10 µg/mL for REM through all methods and 1–20 µg/mL for FAV in methods I and II, and 2–20 µg/mL by the other methods. The evolved methods were applied to pharmaceutical dosage forms of REM and FAV. All the proposed methods were further applied to human plasma samples containing both drugs with acceptable mean recoveries.
A facile, accurate, eco-friendly and sensitive spectrofluorometric method was evolved to assay alfuzosin hydrochloride (AFH) and tadalafil (TDF) in different matrices. Such a co-administered ...combination is clinically used for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Both compounds are characterized by their native fluorescence spectra upon excitation at specific wavelengths. Their characteristic fluorescence spectra were used for sensitive assay of the studied analytes in tablets and human biological samples. The assay principle is based on first-order synchronous spectrofluorometric scan using Δ
= 60 nm in which AFH peaks were recorded at 366 nm. Meanwhile, TDF measurements were recorded at 293 nm in the same scans without overlap with AFH spectra. Recent analytical chemistry trends were implemented to lessen occupational and environmental perils, using ethanol as a diluting solvent for method optimization and application. Linearity ranges were 5.0-90.0 and 10.0-100.0 ng ml
for AFH and TDF, respectively in their raw materials with average % recoveries of 100.44% and 99.73% in raw materials, 100.15% and 100.20% in spiked plasma, and 97.14% and 99.99% in spiked urine. The proposed method was successfully applied to Prostetrol and Starkoprex commercial tablets with no interference with common tablet additives.
A robust, stability-indicating, and eco-friendly proton nuclear magnetic resonance (
H-qNMR) method was developed for the concurrent determination of three 1,4-benzodiazepines (BDZs), namely diazepam ...(DZP), alprazolam (ALP), and chlordiazepoxide (CDP) and their common impurity, synthesis precursor, and degradation product; 2-amino-5-chlorobenzophenone (ACB). In the present method, a novel approach was developed for composing a green and cost-efficient solvent system as an alternative to the common NMR organic solvents utilizing 0.3 M sodium dodecyl sulfate prepared in deuterated water. The conducted method is characterized by simplicity with no need for sample pretreatment or labeling. Phloroglucinol was used as an internal standard. The chosen signals for the determinations of ALP, CDP, DZP and ACB were at 2.35 ppm (singlet), 2.84 ppm (singlet), 3.11 ppm (singlet), and 6.90 ppm (doublet of doublet), respectively. The proposed method possessed linearity over the concentration range of 0.25-15.0 mg ml
for DZP, ALP, CDP and of 0.5-25.0 mg ml
for ACB with LOD values of 0.06, 0.03, 0.07 and 0.16 mg ml
respectively, and LOQ values of 0.18, 0.09, 0.21 and 0.49 mg ml
, respectively. Accuracy of the method was evidenced by excellent recovery% (99.57-99.90%) and small standard deviation (≥ 1.10) for the three analyzed drugs. Intra- and inter-day precision were determined with coefficient of variation ranging from 0.12 to 1.14 and from 0.72 to 1.67, respectively. For the studied compounds, appraisal of the method greenness was achieved via four approaches: Analytical Eco-Scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical greenness metric (AGREE), and RGB Additive Color Model. The results proved that the proposed method has the privilege of being a green analytical method.
Uterine receptivity and implantation are complex processes requiring coordinated expression of molecules by zygote and uterus. Our objective was to evaluate the role of the endometrial expression of ...leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and its glycoprotein 130 (gp130) receptor molecules and their secretion in uterine flushing during the window of implantation in cases of primary unexplained infertility
The study was conducted on 25 infertile women with unexplained infertility for at least two years and 10 normal fertile women as a control group . Endometrial tissue and uterine flushing were obtained. Each tissue specimen was divided into two pieces; one piece was used for histological dating of the endometrium and for immunostaining of progesterone receptors, and the second was used for RNA extraction and PCR assay of LIF and gp130 mRNA expression. Serum estrogen and progesterone were measured for all subjects. LIF mRNA was expressed in the endometrium of all normal fertile women but significantly decreased in infertile women. LIF was not detectable in 88% of infertile women while it was fairly detectable in 12% of them. Gp130 mRNA was hardly detectable in both fertile and infertile women with no difference between them. Infertile women secreted significantly less LIF and gp130 molecules in the uterine flushing compared with normal fertile women.
Expression of LIF mRNA in endometrium could be used as a molecular marker of unexplained infertility. Assessment of secreted LIF and gp130 molecules in uterine flushing could be another useful and safe method for predicting successful implantation as well as for diagnosing and eventually treating women with impaired fertility using recombinant human LIF.
BackgroundMultiple myeloma (MM) is still an incurable disease so we need to continue developing new diagnostic and prognostic options for its management. There are multiple prognostic factors for MM, ...but most of them are costly and time consuming. Hence comes the urge to identify bed side and low cost prognostic tools, that is why this study was aiming to identify in Egyptian MM patients.Materials and methodsThe study was carried on 60 newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients and 20 age and sex matched healthy individuals as controls. Studied subjects were subdivided into two groups: Group I: 60 multiple myeloma patients which were subdivided into three subgroups: Stage I: 10 patients, Stage II: 17 patients, Stage III: 33 patients, Group II: 20 healthy controls.ResultsA progressive significant increase in IL-10, RDW, NLR, and beta2 microglobulin (β2M) with disease progression from stage I towards stage III as compared to the control group. However, IL-10, RDW, and NLR have the best prognostic efficiency value regarding to sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value when compared with β2M.ConclusionsIL-10, RDW, and NLR are simple, easy and bedside tests (in the case of RDW, and NLR). They have high sensitivity and specificity when compared to β2M, which is a well-established prognostic factor that highlights the valuable role they play as prognostic markers in MM.
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