Background
Aerobic exercise (AE) is recommended as first‐line antihypertensive lifestyle therapy based on strong evidence showing that it lowers blood pressure (BP) 5 to 7 mm Hg among adults with ...hypertension. Because of weaker evidence showing that dynamic resistance training (RT) reduces BP 2 to 3 mm Hg among adults with hypertension, it is recommended as adjuvant lifestyle therapy to AE training. Yet, existing evidence suggests that dynamic RT can lower BP as much or more than AE.
Methods and Results
We meta‐analyzed 64 controlled studies (71 interventions) to determine the efficacy of dynamic RT as stand‐alone antihypertensive therapy. Participants (N=2344) were white (57%), middle‐aged (47.2±19.0 years), and overweight (26.8±3.4 kg/m2) adults with prehypertension (126.7±10.3/76.8±8.7 mm Hg); 15% were on antihypertensive medication. Overall, moderate‐intensity dynamic RT was performed 2.8±0.6 days/week for 14.4±7.9 weeks and elicited small‐to‐moderate reductions in systolic BP (SBP; d+=−0.31; 95% CIs, −0.43, −0.19; −3.0 mm Hg) and diastolic BP (DBP; d+=−0.30; 95% CIs, −0.38, −0.18; −2.1 mm Hg) compared to controls (Ps<0.001). Greater BP reductions occurred among samples with higher resting SBP/DBP: ≈6/5 mm Hg for hypertension, ≈3/3 mm Hg for prehypertension, and ≈0/1 mm Hg for normal BP (Ps<0.023). Furthermore, nonwhite samples with hypertension experienced BP reductions that were approximately twice the magnitude of those previously reported following AE training (−14.3 mm Hg 95% CIs, −19.0, −9.4/−10.3 mm Hg 95% CIs, −14.5, −6.2).
Conclusions
Our results indicate that for nonwhite adult samples with hypertension, dynamic RT may elicit BP reductions that are comparable to or greater than those reportedly achieved with AE training. Dynamic RT should be further investigated as a viable stand‐alone therapeutic exercise option for adult populations with high BP.
Purpose: To evaluate whether a soccer program (RSP) might lower risk factors related to metabolic syndrome (MetS) in obese adolescents. Methods: A 12-week randomized controlled trial RSP: n = 6 (2 ...girls), age = 13.9 ± 1.6 yr, body mass index = 30.5 ± 2.1 kg/m
2
; Control: n = 7 (2 girls); age = 14.7 ± 2.3 yr, body mass index: 30.8 ± 3.1 kg/m
2
was conducted. Participants underwent anthropometric, body fractioning, blood pressure, lipid profile, and glucose tolerance assessments at baseline and post-intervention. MetS status was determined based on waist circumference and at least two additional criteria: high blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. RSP included eutrophic and overweight adolescents and consisted of small-sided games (85 ± 4% maximal heart rate) performed three times/week. Results: High-density lipoprotein increased (HDL) ∆15.5 ± 5.2 mg·dL
−1
; p = .01 and triglycerides lowered (TG) ∆−34.7 ± 7.1 mg·dL
−1
; p = .02 after RSP intervention. Between-group differences were also detected for changes in HDL (∆13.0 ± 6.1 mg·dL
−1
; p = .04) and TG (∆−47.1 ± 7.7 mg·dL
−1
; p = .05). The presence of MetS lowered in RSP (5 in 6 participants; p = .02), but not Control (1 in 7 participants; p = .32). Conclusion: A 12-week RSP was effective to reduce MetS risk factors and status in obese adolescents.
The main purpose of the present study was to compare the reference metabolic equivalent (MET) value and observed resting oxygen uptake (VO
) for defining cardiorespiratory fitness (VO
) and ...characterizing the energy cost of treadmill running. A heterogeneous cohort of 114 healthy men volunteered to participate. In Part 1 of the study, 114 men mean±SD, age: 24±5 years; height: 177.1±7.9 cm; body mass: 75.0±10.0 kg visited the laboratory twice for assessment of resting and maximal VO
values to compare the reference MET value vs. observed resting VO
and to investigate the association between resting VO
and VO
. In Part 2, 14 of the 114 men visited the laboratory once more to perform a 30-min bout of running at 8.0 km∙h
/8.3 METs. The mean observed resting VO
of 3.26 mL·kg
·min
was lower than the reference MET value of 3.5 mL·kg
·min
(P<0.001). Resting and maximal VO
values relative to total body mass and fat-free mass were positively correlated (R=0.71 and 0.60, respectively; P<0.001). The maximal MET and energy cost of treadmill running were consequently underestimated when calculated using the reference MET value only for those with low VO
(P=0.005 to P<0.001). In conclusion, the reference MET value considerably overestimated observed resting VO
in men with low VO
, resulting in underestimations of the maximal MET, exercise intensity prescription, and the energy cost of running.
ABSTRACTGuimarães, GC, Farinatti, PTV, Midgley, AW, Vasconcellos, F, Vigário, P, and Cunha, FA. Relationship between percentages of heart rate reserve and oxygen uptake reserve during cycling and ...runninga validation study. J Strength Cond Res 33(7)1954–1962, 2019—This study investigated the relationship between percentages of heart rate reserve (%HRR) and oxygen uptake reserve (%VO2R) during a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) and discrete bouts of isocaloric cycling and treadmill running. Thirty men visited the laboratory 3 times for anthropometrical and resting VO2 assessments, and perform cycling and running CPETs. Ten men visited the laboratory twice more to investigate the validity of the %HRR-%VO2R relationships during isocaloric bouts of cycling and running at 75% VO2R with energy expenditures of 400 kcals. The %HRR was significantly higher than the %VO2R during both CPETs at all exercise intensities (p < 0.001). During isocaloric exercise bouts, mean %HRR-%VO2R differences of 6.5% and 7.0% were observed for cycling and running, respectively (p = 0.007–p < 0.001). The %HRR and %VO2R increased over time (p < 0.001), the rate of which was influenced by exercise modality (p < 0.001). On average, heart rate was 5 (p = 0.007) and 8 (p < 0.001) b·min higher than predicted from the second energy expenditure quartile for cycling and running, respectively; however, observed VO2 was lower than predicted during all quartiles for cycling, and the first quartile for running. Consequently, time to achieve the target energy expenditure was greater than predicted (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the %HRR-%VO2R relationship observed during CPET data did not accurately transpose to prolonged isocaloric bouts of cycling and running. In addition, power outputs and speeds defined by the American College of Sports Medicine equations for cycling and running, respectively, overestimated VO2 and energy expenditure.
ABSTRACTFarinatti, PTV, Geraldes, AAR, Bottaro, MF, Lima, MVIC, Albuquerque, RB, and Fleck, SJ. Effects of different resistance training frequencies on the muscle strength and functional performance ...of active women older than 60 years. J Strength Cond Res 27(8)2225–2234, 2013—Training frequency is an important resistance training variable, but its relative contribution to strength and functional performance (FP) gains in senior populations is not yet well defined. The present study investigated the effect of different resistance training frequencies on the strength and FP in active women aged 60 years and older. A total of 48 women (60–78 years) underwent a 16-week training program for 1 set of 10 repetition maximums (10RMs) of each exercise, being assigned in groups that performed training frequencies of 1, 2, or 3 days per week (EG1, EG2, and EG3) and a control group. Strength and FP tests were applied before and after the training protocol. All EGs, but not the control group, exhibited 10RM increases (bench press, seated dumbbell curl, knee extension, standing calf raise, p < 0.01). The 10RM increase for seated dumbbell curl and knee extension was always greater in the higher frequencies (p < 0.05). Timed up and go test improved equally in all EGs (p < 0.01). Chair sit-and-stand improvements in EG3 (−15.7%) and EG2 (−9.8%) were greater than in EG1 (−4.6%) (p < 0.01). Gait-speed improvement in EG3 (−11.6%) was greater than in EG2 (−5.1%) and EG1 (−3.9%) (p < 0.01). In conclusion, a higher weekly training frequency increased FP and strength to a greater extent than lower frequencies in active senior women.
Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) induced by isocaloric bouts of continuous and intermittent running and cycling exercise. ...Design This was a counterbalanced randomized cross-over study. Methods Ten healthy men, aged 23–34 yr, performed six bouts of exercise: (a) two maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests for running and cycling to determine exercise modality-specific peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak ); and (b) four isocaloric exercise bouts (two continuous bouts expending 400 kcal and two intermittent bouts split into 2 × 200 kcal) performed at 75% of the running and cycling oxygen uptake reserve. Exercise bouts were separated by 72 h and performed in a randomized, counter-balanced order. The VO2 was monitored for 60-min postexercise and for 60-min during a control non-exercise day. Results The VO2 was significantly greater in all exercise conditions compared to the control session ( P < 0.001). The combined magnitude of the EPOC from the two intermittent bouts was significantly greater than that of the continuous cycling (mean difference = 3.5 L, P = 0.001) and running (mean difference = 6.4 L, P < 0.001). The exercise modality had a significant effect on net EPOC, where running elicited a higher net EPOC than cycling (mean difference = 2.2 L, P < 0.001). Conclusions Intermittent exercise increased the EPOC compared to a continuous exercise bout of equivalent energy expenditure. Furthermore, the magnitude of EPOC was influenced by exercise modality, with the greatest EPOC occurring with isocaloric exercise involving larger muscle mass (i.e., treadmill running vs. cycling).
This study investigated postexercise hypotension (PEH) after maximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) performed using different exercise modalities. Twenty healthy men (aged 23 ± 3 years) ...performed 3 maximal CPETs (cycling, walking, and running), separated by 72 h in a randomized, counter-balanced order. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance (SVR), autonomic function (spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and heart rate variability (HRV)), and energy expenditure (EE) were assessed during a 60-min nonexercise control session and for 60 min immediately after each CPET. Total exercise volume (EE during CPET plus 60 min recovery) was significantly higher in running versus cycling and walking CPETs (P ≤ 0.001). Compared with control, only SBP after running CPET was significantly reduced (Δ = −6 ± 8 mm Hg; P < 0.001). Heart rate and cardiac output were significantly increased (P < 0.001) and SVR significantly decreased (P < 0.001) postexercise. BRS and HRV decreased after all CPETs (P < 0.001), whereas sympatho-vagal balance (low- and high-frequency (LF:HF) ratio) increased significantly after all exercise conditions, especially after running CPET (P < 0.001). Changes in SVR, BRS, sympathetic activity (low-frequency component of HRV), and LF:HF ratio were negatively correlated to variations in SBP (range −0.69 to −0.91; P < 0.001) and DBP (range −0.58 to −0.93; P ≤ 0.002). These findings suggest that exercise mode or the total exercise volume are major determinants of PEH magnitude in healthy men. Because of the running CPET, the PEH was primarily related to a decrease in SVR and to an increase in sympatho-vagal balance, which might be a reflex response to peripheral vasodilatation after exercise.
► Anodal tDCS on left DLPFC did not change hunger and satiety sensations. ► Anodal tDCS on left DLPFC was sufficient to decrease the desire to eat at rest. ► Aerobic exercise alone influenced the ...appetite sensation during recovery. ► Anodal tDCS associated with exercise enhanced the appetite suppressing effect.
This study investigated whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) isolated or combined with aerobic exercise influenced the desire to eat, hunger, and satiety in overweight subjects. Nine volunteers underwent anodal or sham tDCS (2
mA; 20
min) over DLPFC and isocaloric exercise bouts (70%VO
2R; ∼200
kcal). The appetite sensations were evaluated by visual analogue scales at four moments: I – Baseline; II – After tDCS; III – Post-Exercise and IV – 30-min Post-Exercise. The tDCS on left DLPFC decreased the desire to eat at baseline (tDCS −26%
vs. −14% Sham). The tDCS associated with exercise had greater suppressing effect in desire to eat compared to either tDCS or exercise alone (tDCS −39%
vs. −27% Sham). Moreover, the tDCS associated with exercise decreased hunger (tDCS −48%
vs. 36% Sham) and increased satiety (tDCS 28%
vs. 7% Sham) immediately after exercise. The post-exercise 30-min recovery elicited an overall increase in appetite. However the increase in desire to eat and hunger after recovery was lower after tDCS (29% and 13%, respectively) compared to sham stimulation (77% and 113%, respectively). These findings in overweight subjects indicate that the combination of tDCS over DLPFC and aerobic exercise induced greater decrease in appetite sensations compared to anodal tDCS or exercise alone.
ABSTRACTFonseca, GF, Farinatti, PTV, Midgley, AW, Ferreira, A, de Paula, T, Monteiro, WD, and Cunha, FA. Continuous and accumulated bouts of cycling matched by intensity and energy expenditure elicit ...similar acute blood pressure reductions in prehypertensive men. J Strength Cond Res 32(3)857–866, 2018—This study investigated differences in postexercise hypotension (PEH) after continuous vs. accumulated isocaloric bouts of cycling. Ten prehypertensive men, aged 23–34 years, performed 2 bouts of cycling at 75% oxygen uptake reserve, with total energy expenditures of 400 kcal per bout. One exercise bout was performed continuously (CONTIN) and the other as 2 smaller bouts each expending 200 kcal (INTER1 and INTER2). Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and cardiac autonomic control were monitored in a supine position for 10 minutes before and 60 minutes after each exercise bout, and during a control session. Compared with control, blood pressure was significantly reduced after CONTIN (SBPINCREMENT − 3.4 mm Hg, p < 0.001; MAPINCREMENT − 2.5 mm Hg, p = 0.001), INTER1 (SBPINCREMENT − 2.2 mm Hg, p = 0.045), and INTER2 (SBPINCREMENT − 4.4 mm Hg, p < 0.001; DBPINCREMENT − 2.7 mm Hg, p = 0.045; MAPINCREMENT − 3.3 mm Hg, p = 0.001). The PEH was similar in CONTIN and INTER2, whereas INTER2 elicited greater PEH than INTER1 (SBP and MAPINCREMENT − 2.0 and INCREMENT − 1.8 mm Hg, respectively, p ≤ 0.05). Increases in sympathovagal balance from baseline were inversely related to changes in SBP and DBP after CONTIN and INTER2 (r = −0.64 to −0.71; p = 0.021–0.047). These findings indicate that similar amounts of PEH are observed when exercise is performed as a single 400-kcal exercise bout or 2 × 200-kcal bouts and that the exercise recovery pattern of cardiac autonomic activity may be important in eliciting PEH.
Purpose
The impact of regular exercises or physical activity (PA) on weight of bariatric patients need to be elucidated. We investigated PA levels, sedentary time (ST), and weight regain on these ...patients who were without regular medical follow-up before recruitment. Moreover, we investigated correlation and concordance between self-reported and objective measures in moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and ST.
Materials and Methods
We invited 132 patients previously subjected to a bariatric procedure to a medical appointment in our unit and proposed them to be volunteers. Ninety patients, aged 42 ± 8 years and BMI 32.9 ± 6.6 kg/m
2
, entered the study and were allocated into groups according to time since surgery < or ≥5 years (G5− or G5+, respectively). They were further assigned into low or high rates of weight regain (RWR; cutoff 20%). PA and ST were measured by International PA Questionnaire (IPAQ) and ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer.
Results
In G5- group, PA and ST were similar between low and high RWR. In G5+ group, MVPA time, number of steps/day, percent of patients somewhat active, and 30–60 min/day of MVPA were statistically higher in those with low RWR. Of note, measures of MVPA < 30 min/day occurred more frequently in those with high RWR. MVPA and ST self-reported vs. objective measures were correlated (
P <
0.001). Nevertheless, there was no concordance between these measures (
P >
0.05).
Conclusions
Low level of PA and longer ST occurred more frequently in those with high RWR and longer time since surgery. Although well-correlated, any concordance between IPAQ and accelerometer measures was noted.
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